The Digital Patient – Advancing Healthcare, Research, and Education

List of Contributors xiii
<p>Preface xvii</p>
<p>Part 1 The Vision: The Digital Patient Improving Research, Development, Education, and Healthcare Practice 1</p>
<p>1 The Digital Patient 3<br />C. Donald Combs</p>
<p>Health, The Goal, 4</p>
<p>Personalized Medicine, 4</p>
<p>The Best Outcomes, 5</p>
<p>The Emergence of the Digital Patient, 5</p>
<p>The Human Physiome, 6</p>
<p>Enabling the Digital Patient, 8</p>
<p>P4 Medicine, 11</p>
<p>Conclusion, 11</p>
<p>References, 12</p>
<p>2 Reflecting on Discipulus and Remaining Challenges 15<br />Vanessa D&iacute;az ]Zuccarini, Mona Alimohammadi, and C&eacute;sar Pichardo ]Almarza</p>
<p>Introduction, 15</p>
<p>A Brief Contextual Background and a Call for Integration: Personalized Medicine is Holistic, 16</p>
<p>The Many Versions of the Digital Patient: On the Road to Medical Avatars, 18</p>
<p>Discipulus: The Digital Patient Technological Challenges and Main Conclusions, 19</p>
<p>The Remaining Challenges and Big Data, 24</p>
<p>Conclusion, 25</p>
<p>References, 26</p>
<p>3 Advancing the Digital Patient 27<br />Catherine M. Banks</p>
<p>Introduction, 27</p>
<p>The Digital Patient: Its Early Start, 28</p>
<p>Engaging the Digital Patient, 30</p>
<p>Conclusion, 31</p>
<p>4 The Significance of Modeling and Visualization 33<br />John A. Sokolowski and Hector M. Garcia</p>
<p>Introduction, 33</p>
<p>Modeling a Complex System: Human Physiology, 34</p>
<p>Medical Modeling, Simulation, and Visualization, 35</p>
<p>Modes and Types of Visualization, 40</p>
<p>Visualization for Patient ]Specific Usefulness, 43</p>
<p>Conclusion, 43</p>
<p>References, 45</p>
<p>Part 2 State of the Art: Systems Biology, the Physiome and Personalized Health 49</p>
<p>5 The Visible Human: A Graphical Interface for Holistic Modeling and Simulation 51<br />Victor M. Spitzer</p>
<p>Introduction, 51</p>
<p>Education, 53</p>
<p>Modeling, 55</p>
<p>Virtual Reality Trainers and Simulators, 56</p>
<p>Conclusion, 58</p>
<p>References, 59</p>
<p>6 The Quantifiable Self: Petabyte by Petabyte 63<br />C. Donald Combs and Scarlett R. Barham</p>
<p>Introduction, 63</p>
<p>Smarr s Quantified Self, 64</p>
<p>Extending Smarr s Research, 67</p>
<p>The Quantified Self ]Vision, Simplified, 69</p>
<p>Criticism, 69</p>
<p>Conclusion, 71</p>
<p>References, 72</p>
<p>7 Systems Biology and Health Systems Complexity: Implications for the Digital Patient 73<br />C. Donald Combs, Scarlett R. Barham, and Peter M. A. Sloot</p>
<p>Introduction, 73</p>
<p>Systems Biology, 75</p>
<p>The Institute for Systems Biology, 76</p>
<p>The Complexity Institute, 78</p>
<p>The Potential of Systems Biology, 81</p>
<p>Criticism, 82</p>
<p>Conclusion, 83</p>
<p>References, 83</p>
<p>8 Personalized Computational Modeling for the Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias 85<br />Seth H. Weinberg</p>
<p>Introduction, 85</p>
<p>Basics of Cardiac Electrophysiology, 86</p>
<p>Cardiac Modeling Advancements, 89</p>
<p>Regulation of Intracellular Calcium, 90</p>
<p>From Cells to Cables to Sheets to Tissue to the Heart, 91</p>
<p>Where Can we go from Here? What is the Cardiac Model in the Digital Patient? 95</p>
<p>References, 96</p>
<p>9 The Physiome Project, openEHR Archetypes, and the Digital Patient 101<br />David P. Nickerson, Koray Atalag, Bernard de Bono, and Peter J. Hunter</p>
<p>Introduction, 101</p>
<p>Multiscale Physiological Processes, 102</p>
<p>Physiome Project Standards, Repositories, and Tools, 103</p>
<p>Archetype Specialization, 112</p>
<p>Archetype Definition Language, 113</p>
<p>Linking Archetypes to External Knowledge Sources (Terminology and Biomedical Ontologies), 114</p>
<p>Archetype Annotations, 114</p>
<p>OpenEHR Model Repository and Governance, 115</p>
<p>Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources, 115</p>
<p>A Disease Scenario, 116</p>
<p>Summary and Conclusions, 121</p>
<p>References, 122</p>
<p>10 Physics ]Based Modeling for the Physiome 127<br />William A. Pruett and Robert L. Hester</p>
<p>Introduction, 127</p>
<p>Modeling Schemes, 128</p>
<p>Future Challenges, 142</p>
<p>Conclusion, 142</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 143</p>
<p>References, 143</p>
<p>11 Modeling and Understanding the Human Body with SwarmScript 149<br />Sebastian von Mammen, Stefan Schellmoser, Christian Jacob, and J&ouml;rg H&auml;hner</p>
<p>Introduction, 149</p>
<p>Related Work, 150</p>
<p>Multiagent Organization, 152</p>
<p>Designing Interactive Agents, 152</p>
<p>Speaking SwarmScript, 153</p>
<p>Answering Demand: The Design of SwarmScript, 153</p>
<p>Graph ]Based Rule Representation, 153</p>
<p>The Source Action Target, 154</p>
<p>SwarmScript INTO3D, 154</p>
<p>A SwarmScript Dialogue, 155</p>
<p>Discussion, 159</p>
<p>Summary, 161</p>
<p>References, 162</p>
<p>12 Using Avatars and Agents to Promote Real ]World Health Behavior Changes 167<br />Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn</p>
<p>Introduction, 167</p>
<p>Avatars and Agents, 168</p>
<p>Using Agents and Avatars to Promote Health Behavior Changes, 169</p>
<p>Conclusion, 174</p>
<p>References, 174</p>
<p>13 Virtual Reality and Eating, Diabetes, and Obesity 179<br />Jessica E. Cornick and Jim Blascovich</p>
<p>Introduction, 179</p>
<p>Virtual Reality, 179</p>
<p>Obesity and Weight Stigma, 184</p>
<p>Virtual Reality as a Tool for Combatting Health Issues, 185</p>
<p>Conclusion, 189</p>
<p>References, 189</p>
<p>14 Immersive Virtual Reality to Model Physical: Social Interaction and Self ]Representation 197<br />Eric B. Bauman</p>
<p>Introduction, 197</p>
<p>Theory for Immersive Virtual Learning Spaces, 197</p>
<p>Conclusion, 202</p>
<p>References, 203</p>
<p>Part 3 Challenges: Assimilating the Comprehensive Digital Patient 205</p>
<p>15 A Roadmap for Building a Digital Patient System 207<br />Saikou Y. Diallo and Christopher J. Lynch</p>
<p>Introduction, 207</p>
<p>Approach, 210</p>
<p>Building the Digital Patient Through Interoperability, 211</p>
<p>Conclusion, 221</p>
<p>Acknowledgments, 221</p>
<p>References, 221</p>
<p>16 Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary, and Transdisciplinary Research: Contextualization and Reliability of the Composite 225<br />Andreas Tolk</p>
<p>Introduction, 225</p>
<p>Interdisciplinarity and Interdisciplinary Research, 226</p>
<p>Data Engineering to Support Interdisciplinarity and Interoperability, 228</p>
<p>Base Object Models to Support Transdisciplinarity and Composability, 233</p>
<p>Open Challenges on Reliability, 235</p>
<p>Summary and Conclusion, 237</p>
<p>References, 239</p>
<p>17 Bayes Net Modeling: The Means to Craft the Digital Patient 241<br />Joseph A. Tatman and Barry C. Ezell</p>
<p>Introduction, 241</p>
<p>Other Interesting Applications, 246</p>
<p>Conclusion, 251</p>
<p>References, 253</p>
<p>Part 4 Potential Impact: Engaging The Digital Patient 255</p>
<p>18 Virtual Reality Standardized Patients for Clinical Training 257<br />Albert Rizzo and Thomas Talbot</p>
<p>Introduction, 257</p>
<p>The Rationale for Virtual Standardized Patients, 258</p>
<p>Conversational Virtual Human Agents, 259</p>
<p>Usc Efforts to Create Virtual Standardized Patients, 260</p>
<p>Conclusion, 269</p>
<p>References, 270</p>
<p>19 The Digital Patient: Changing the Paradigm of Healthcare and Impacting Medical Research and Education 273<br />V. Andrea Parodi</p>
<p>Introduction, 273</p>
<p>Overview Digital Medicine Projects, 275</p>
<p>Personalized Patient Care Clinical Use, 279</p>
<p>Recommended Education and Training for VPH Project Participation, 281</p>
<p>From Flexner to the 2010 Carnegie Report, 284</p>
<p>Summary Statements, 286</p>
<p>References, 287</p>
<p>20 The Digital Patient: A Vision for Revolutionizing the Electronic Medical Record and Future Healthcare 289<br />Richard M. Satava</p>
<p>Introduction, 289</p>
<p>Applications of the Digital Patient as the EMR, 291</p>
<p>Discussion, 296</p>
<p>Conclusion, 297</p>
<p>References, 297</p>
<p>21 Realizing the Digital Patient 299<br />C. Donald Combs and John A. Sokolowski</p>
<p>Index 305</p>