Advanced Healthcare Materials

<p>Preface xvii<br /> <br /> 1 Stimuli–Responsive Smart Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application 1<br /> Arnab De, Sushil Mishra and Subho Mozumdar<br /> <br /> 1.1 A Brief Overview of Nanotechnology 2<br /> <br /> 1.2 Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems 3<br /> <br /> 1.3 Delivery Systems 4<br /> <br /> 1.4 Polymers for Nanoparticle Synthesis 11<br /> <br /> 1.5 Synthesis of Nanovehicles 15<br /> <br /> 1.6 Dispersion of Preformed Polymers 16<br /> <br /> 1.7 Emulsion Polymerization 20<br /> <br /> 1.8 Purification of Nanoparticle 22<br /> <br /> 1.9 Drying of Nanoparticles 24<br /> <br /> 1.10 Drug Loading 25<br /> <br /> 1.11 Drug Release 26<br /> <br /> 1.12 Conclusion 27<br /> <br /> References 27<br /> <br /> 2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer Where We Are and Where We Have to Go! 35<br /> Rajiv Lochan Gaur and Richa Srivastava<br /> <br /> 2.1 Cancer Pathology 36<br /> <br /> 2.2 Cancer Diagnosis 37<br /> <br /> 2.3 Treatment 41<br /> <br /> Conclusion 42<br /> <br /> References 42<br /> <br /> 3 Advanced Materials for Biomedical Application and Drug Delivery 47<br /> Salam J.J. Titinchi, Mayank P. Singh, Hanna S. Abbo and Ivan R. Green<br /> <br /> 3.1 Introduction 48<br /> <br /> 3.2 Anticancer Drug Entrapped Zeolite Structures as Drug Delivery Systems 48<br /> <br /> 3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications 52<br /> <br /> 3.4 BioMOFs: Metal–Organic Frameworks for Biological and Medical Applications 64<br /> <br /> 3.5 Conclusions 75<br /> <br /> References 75<br /> <br /> 4 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and/or Treatment of Alzheimer s Disease 85<br /> S.G. Antimisiaris, S. Mourtas, E. Markoutsa, A. Skouras, and K. Papadia<br /> <br /> 4.1 Introduction 85<br /> <br /> 4.2 Nanoparticles 86<br /> <br /> 4.3 Physiological Factors Related with Brain–Located Pathologies: Focus on AD 96<br /> <br /> 4.4 Current Methodologies to Target AD–Related Pathologies 110<br /> <br /> 4.5 Nanoparticles for Diagnosis of AD 136<br /> <br /> 4.6 Nanoparticles for Therapy of AD 146<br /> <br /> 4.7 Summary of Current Progress and Future Challenges 160<br /> <br /> Acknowledgments 161<br /> <br /> References 161<br /> <br /> 5&nbsp; Novel Biomaterials for Human Health: Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro–and Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biosensor 179<br /> Chong Sun, Xiaobo Wang, Chun Mao and Jian Shen<br /> <br /> 5.1 Introduction 179</p>
<p>5.2 Design and Preparation of Hemocompatible Polymeric Micro– and Nanoparticles 181</p>
<p>5.3 The Biosafety and Hemocompatibility Evaluation System for Polymeric Micro– and Nanoparticles 183</p>
<p>5.4 Construction of Biosensor for Direct Detection in Whole Blood 188<br /> <br /> 5.5 Conclusion and Prospect 194<br /> <br /> References 195<br /> <br /> 6 The Contribution of Smart Materials and Advanced Clinical Diagnostic Micro–Devices on the Progress and Improvement of Human Health Care 199<br /> Teles, F.R.R. and Fonseca, L.P.<br /> <br /> 6.1 Introduction 200<br /> <br /> 6.2 Physiological Biomarkers as Targets in Clinical Diagnostic Bioassays 202</p>
<p>6.3 Biosensors 205</p>
<p>6.4 Advanced Materials and Nanostructures for Health Care Applications 217</p>
<p>6.5 Applications of Micro–Devices to Some Important Clinical Pathologies 223<br /> <br /> 6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 227<br /> <br /> Acknowledgment 227<br /> <br /> References 228<br /> <br /> 7 Hierarchical Modeling of Elastic Behavior of Human Dental Tissue Based on Synchrotron Diffraction Characterization 233<br /> TanSui and Alexander M. Korsunsky<br /> <br /> 7.1&nbsp; Introduction 233<br /> <br /> 7.2 Experimental Techniques 236<br /> <br /> 7.3 Model Formulation 238<br /> <br /> 7.4 Experimental Results and Model Validation 245<br /> <br /> 7.5 Discussion 251<br /> <br /> 7.6 Conclusions 255<br /> <br /> Acknowledgments 256<br /> <br /> Appendix 256<br /> <br /> References 260<br /> <br /> 8 Biodegradable Porous Hydrogels 263<br /> Martin Pradny, Miroslav Vetrik, Martin Hruby and Jiri Michalek<br /> <br /> 8.1 Introduction 263<br /> <br /> 8.2 Methods of Preparation of Porous Hydrogels 265<br /> <br /> 8.3 Hydrogels Crosslinked With Degradable Crosslinkers 271<br /> <br /> 8.4 Hydrogels Degradable in the Main Chain 276<br /> <br /> 8.5 Conclusions 281<br /> <br /> Acknowledgments 281<br /> <br /> References 283<br /> <br /> 9 Hydrogels: Properties, Preparation, Characterization and Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering, Drug Delivery and Wound Care 289<br /> Mohammad Sirousazar, Mehrdad Forough, Khalil Farhadi, Yasaman Shaabani and Rahim Molaei<br /> <br /> 9.1 Introduction 289<br /> <br /> 9.2 Types of Hydrogels 290<br /> <br /> 9.3 Properties of Hydrogels 295<br /> <br /> 9.4 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels 299<br /> <br /> 9.5 Characterization of Hydrogels 305<br /> <br /> 9.6 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels 308<br /> <br /> 9.7 Hydrogels for Wound Management 319<br /> <br /> 9.8 Recent Developments on Hydrogels 337<br /> <br /> 9.9 Conclusions 340<br /> <br /> References 341<br /> <br /> 10 Modified Natural Zeolites Functional Characterization and Biomedical Application 353<br /> Jela Mili&aelig;, Aleksandra Dakovi&aelig;, Danina Kraji nik and George E. Rottinghaus<br /> <br /> 10.1 Introduction 354<br /> <br /> 10.2 Surfactant Modified Zeolites (SMZs) 359<br /> <br /> 10.3 Minerals as Pharmaceutical Excipients 366<br /> <br /> 10.4 SMZs for Pharmaceutical Application 372<br /> <br /> 10.5 Conclusions 389<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 390<br /> <br /> References 390<br /> <br /> 11 Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Cyclodextrin Poly(Pseudo)Rotaxane for New and Emerging Biomedical Applications 397<br /> JinHuang, Jing Hao, Debbie P. Anderson and Peter R. Chang<br /> <br /> 11.1 Introduction 398<br /> <br /> 11.2 Fabrication of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane–Based Hydrogels 400<br /> <br /> 11.3 Stimulus–Response Properties of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane Based Hydrogels 409<br /> <br /> 11.4 Nanocomposite Supramolecular Hydrogels 413<br /> <br /> 11.5 Biomedical Application of Cyclodextrin Poly(pseudo)rotaxane–Based Hydrogels 420<br /> <br /> 11.6 Conclusions and Prospects 425<br /> <br /> References 425<br /> <br /> 12 Polyhydroxyalkanoate–Based Biomaterials for Applicationsin Biomedical Engineering 431<br /> Chenghao Zhu and Qizhi Chen<br /> <br /> 12.1 Introduction<br /> <br /> 12.2 Synthesis of PHAs 433<br /> <br /> 12.3 Processing and its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of PHAs 435<br /> <br /> 12.4 Mechanical Properties of PHA Sheets/Films 436<br /> <br /> 12.5 PHA–Based Polymer Blends 439<br /> <br /> 12.6 Summary 451<br /> <br /> References 451<br /> <br /> 13 Biomimetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Smart Materials and Future Perspective in Health Care 457<br /> Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Farnoush Faridbod and Parviz Norouzi<br /> <br /> 13.1 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Technology 458<br /> <br /> 13.2 Synthesis of MIPs 458<br /> <br /> 13.3 Application of MIPs 463<br /> <br /> 13.4 Biomimetic Molecules 464<br /> <br /> 13.5 MIPs as Receptors in Bio–Molecular Recognition 465<br /> <br /> 13.6 MIPs as Sensing Elements in Sensors/Biosensors 466<br /> <br /> 13.7 MIPs as Drug Delivery Systems 467<br /> <br /> 13.8 MIPs as Sorbent Materials in Separation Science 475<br /> <br /> 13.9 Future Perspective of MIP Technologies 480<br /> <br /> 13.10 Conclusion 480<br /> <br /> References 480<br /> <br /> 14 The Role of Immunoassays in Urine Drug Screening 485<br /> Niina J. Ronkainen and Stanley L. Okon<br /> <br /> 14.1 Introduction 486<br /> <br /> 14.2 Urine and Other Biological Specimens 489<br /> <br /> 14.3 Immunoassays 491<br /> <br /> 14.4 Drug Screening with Immunoassays 504<br /> <br /> 14.5 Immunoassay Specificity: False Negative and False Positive Test Results 507<br /> <br /> 14.6 Confirmatory Secondary Testing Using Chromatography Instruments 510<br /> <br /> Conclusion 513<br /> <br /> References</p>