Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites – Processing, Characterization, and Properties

<p>Preface xvii<br /> <br /> Part I: LIGNOCELLULOSIC NATURAL POLYMERS BASED COMPOSITES<br /> <br /> 1 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: A Brief Overview 3<br /> Manju Kumari Thakur, Aswinder Kumar Rana and Vijay Kumar Thakur<br /> <br /> 1.1 Introduction 3<br /> <br /> 1.2 Lignocellulosic Polymers: Source, Classification and Processing 4<br /> <br /> 1.3 Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers: Structure, Chemical Composition and&nbsp; Properties 8<br /> <br /> 1.4 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: Classification and Applications 10<br /> <br /> 1.5 Conclusions 13<br /> <br /> 2 Interfacial Adhesion in Natural Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Composites 17<br /> E. Petinakis, L. Yu, G. Simon, X. Dai, Z. Chen and K. Dean<br /> <br /> 2.1 Introduction 17<br /> <br /> 2.2 PLA–Based Wood–Flour Composites 18<br /> <br /> 2.3 Optimizing Interfacial Adhesion in Wood–Polymer Composites 20<br /> <br /> 2.4 Evaluation of Interfacial Properties 30<br /> <br /> 2.5 Conclusions 34<br /> <br /> 3 Research on Cellulose–Based Polymer Composites in Southeast Asia 41<br /> Riza Wirawan and S.M. Sapuan<br /> <br /> 3.1 Introduction 42<br /> <br /> 3.2 Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) 44<br /> <br /> 3.3 Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) 46<br /> <br /> 3.4 Durian (Durio Zibethinus) 49<br /> <br /> 3.5 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) 51<br /> <br /> 3.6 Summary 57<br /> <br /> 4 Hybrid Vegetable/Glass Fiber Composites 63<br /> Sandro C. Amico, Jose R. M. d Almeida, Laura H. de Carvalhoand Maria O. H. Cioffi<br /> <br /> 4.1 Introduction 63<br /> <br /> 4.2 Vegetable Fiber/Glass Fiber Thermoplastic Composites 67<br /> <br /> 4.3 Intra–Laminate Vegetable Fiber/glass Fiber Thermoset Composites 69<br /> <br /> 4.4 Inter–Laminate Vegetable Fiber/glass Fiber Thermoset Composites 71<br /> <br /> 4.5 Concluding Remarks 75<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 76<br /> <br /> References 76<br /> <br /> 5 Flax–Based Reinforcement Requirements for Obtaining Structural and Complex Shape Lignocellulosic Polymer Composite Parts 83<br /> Pierre Ouagne and Damien Soulat<br /> <br /> 5.1 Introduction 84<br /> <br /> 5.2 Experimental Procedures 86<br /> <br /> 5.3 Results and Discussion 90<br /> <br /> 5.4 Discussions 97<br /> <br /> 5.5 Conclusions 98<br /> <br /> 6 Typical Brazilian Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers as Reinforcement of Thermosetting and Thermoplastics Matrices 103<br /> Patr&iacute;cia C. Mil&eacute;o, Rosineide M. Le&atilde;o, Sandra M. Luz, George J. M. Rocha and Adilson R. Gon&ccedil;alves<br /> <br /> 6.1 Introduction 104<br /> <br /> 6.2 Experimental 105<br /> <br /> 6.3 Results and Discussion 110<br /> <br /> 6.4 Conclusions 122<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 123<br /> <br /> 7 Cellulose–Based Starch Composites: Structure and Properties 125<br /> Carmen–Alice Teac&atilde;, Ruxanda Bod&icirc;rl&atilde;u and Iuliana Spiridon<br /> <br /> 7.1 Introduction 125<br /> <br /> 7.2 Starch and Cellulose Biobased Polymers for Composite Formulations 126<br /> <br /> 7.3 Chemical Modification of Starch 127<br /> <br /> 7.4 Cellulose–Based Starch Composites 129<br /> <br /> 7.5 Conclusions/Perspectives 139<br /> <br /> 8 Spectroscopy Analysis and Applications of Rice Husk and Gluten Husk Using Computational Chemistry 147<br /> Norma–Aurea Rangel–Vazquez, Virginia Hernandez–Montoya and Adrian Bonilla–Petriciolet<br /> <br /> 8.1 Introduction 148<br /> <br /> 8.2 Methodology 160<br /> <br /> 8.3 Results and Discussions 161<br /> <br /> 8.4 Conclusions 171<br /> <br /> 9 Oil Palm Fiber Polymer Composites: Processing, Characterization and Properties 175<br /> S. Shinoj and R. Visvanathan<br /> <br /> 9.1 Introduction 176<br /> <br /> 9.2 Oil Palm Fiber 177<br /> <br /> 9.3 Oil Palm Fiber Composites 184<br /> <br /> 9.4 Conclusions 208<br /> <br /> 10 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: Processing, Characterization and Properties 213<br /> Bryan L. S. Sipi&atilde;o, Lais Souza Reis, Rayane de Lima Moura Paiva, Maria Rosa Capri and Daniella R. Mulinari<br /> <br /> 10.1 Introduction 213<br /> <br /> 10.2 Palm Fibers 214<br /> <br /> 10.3 Pineapple Fibers 220<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 227<br /> <br /> Part II: CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF CELLULOSIC MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED COMPOSITES<br /> <br /> 11 Agro–Residual Fibers as Potential Reinforcement Elements for Biocomposites 233<br /> Nazire Deniz Yilmaz<br /> <br /> 11.1 Introduction 233<br /> <br /> 11.2 Fiber Sources 235<br /> <br /> 11.3 Fiber Extraction methods 239<br /> <br /> 11.4 Classification of Plant Fibers 246<br /> <br /> 11.5 Properties of Plant Fibers 247<br /> <br /> 11.6. Properties of Agro–Based Fibers 249<br /> <br /> 11.7 Modification of Agro–Based Fibers 258<br /> <br /> 11.8 Conclusion 266<br /> <br /> 12 Surface Modification Strategies for Cellulosic Fibers 271<br /> Inderdeep Singh, Pramendra Kumar Bajpai<br /> <br /> 12.1 Introduction 271<br /> <br /> 12.2 Special Treatments during Primary Processing 273<br /> <br /> 12.3 Other Chemical Treatments 277<br /> <br /> 12.4 Conclusions 278<br /> <br /> 13 Effect of Chemical Functionalization on Functional Properties of Cellulosic Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Composites 281<br /> Ashvinder Kumar Rana, Amar Singh Singha, Manju Kumari Thakur and Vijay Kumar Thakur<br /> <br /> 13.1 Introduction 282<br /> <br /> 13.2 Chemical Functionalization of Cellulosic Fibers 283<br /> <br /> 13.3 Results and Discussion 284<br /> <br /> 13.4 Conclusion 297<br /> <br /> 14 Chemical Modification and Properties of Cellulose–Based Polymer Composites 301<br /> Md. Saiful Islam, Mahbub Hasan and Mansor Hj. Ahmad @ Ayob<br /> <br /> 14.1 Introduction 302<br /> <br /> 14.2 Alkali Treatment 303<br /> <br /> 14.3 Benzene Diazonium Salt Treatment&nbsp; 306<br /> <br /> 14.4 o–hydroxybenzene Diazonium Salt Treatment 310<br /> <br /> 14.5 Succinic Anhydride Treatment 313<br /> <br /> 14.6 Acrylonitrile Treatment 317<br /> <br /> 14.7 Maleic Anhydride Treatment 318<br /> <br /> 14.8 Nanoclay Treatment 318<br /> <br /> 14.9 Some other Chemical Treatment with Natural Fibers 320<br /> <br /> 14.10 Conclusions 321<br /> <br /> Part III: PHYSICO–CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CELLULOSE/ POLYMER COMPOSITES&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 325<br /> <br /> 15 Weathering of Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites 327<br /> Asim Shahzad and D. H. Isaac<br /> <br /> 15.1 Introduction 328<br /> <br /> 15.2 UV Radiation 330<br /> <br /> 15.3 Moisture 335<br /> <br /> 15.4 Testing of Weathering Properties 342<br /> <br /> 15.5 Studies on Weathering of LPCs 345<br /> <br /> 15.6 Conclusions 362<br /> <br /> 16 Effect of Layering Pattern on the Physical, Mechanical and Acoustic Properties of Luffa/Coir Fiber–Reinforced Epoxy Novolac Hybrid Composites 369<br /> Sudhir Kumar Saw, Gautam Sarkhel and Arup Choudhury<br /> <br /> 16.1 Introduction 369<br /> <br /> 16.2 Experimental 373<br /> <br /> 16.3. Characterization of ENR–Based Luffa/Coir Hybrid Composites 374<br /> <br /> 16.4 Results and Discussion 376<br /> <br /> 16.5 Conclusions 383<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 383<br /> <br /> 17 Fracture Mechanism of Wood–Plastic Composites (WPCS): Observation and Analysis 385<br /> Fatemeh Alavi, Amir Hossein Behravesh and Majid Mirzaei<br /> <br /> 17.1 Introduction 385<br /> <br /> 17.2 Fracture Mechanism 396<br /> <br /> 17.3 Toughness Characterization 398<br /> <br /> 17.4 Fracture Observation 400<br /> <br /> 17.5 Fracture Analysis 402<br /> <br /> 17.6 Conclusion 409<br /> <br /> 18 Mechanical Behavior of Biocomposites under Different Operating Environments 417<br /> Inderdeep Singh, Kishore Debnath and Akshay Dvivedi<br /> <br /> 18.1 Introduction 417<br /> <br /> 18.2 Classification and Structure of Natural Fibers 419<br /> <br /> 18.3 Moisture Absorption Behavior of Biocomposites 421<br /> <br /> 18.4 Mechanical Characterization of Biocomposites in a Humid Environment 423<br /> <br /> 18.5 Oil Absorption Behavior and Its Effects on Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites 424<br /> <br /> 18.6 UV–Irradiation and Its Effects on Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites 425<br /> <br /> 18.7 Mechanical Behavior of Biocomposites Subjected to Thermal Loading 426<br /> <br /> 18.8 Biodegradation Behavior and Mechanical Characterization of Soil Buried Biocomposites 428<br /> <br /> 18.9 Conclusions 429<br /> <br /> Part IV: APPLICATIONS OF CELLULOSE/ POLYMER COMPOSITES 433<br /> <br /> 19 Cellulose Composites for Construction Applications 435<br /> Catalina G&oacute;mez Hoyos and Anal&iacute;a Vazquez<br /> <br /> 19.1 Polymers Reinforced with Natural Fibers for Construction Applications 435<br /> <br /> 19.2 Portland Cement Matrix Reinforced with Natural Fibers for Construction Applications 440<br /> <br /> 20 Jute: An Interesting Lignocellulosic Fiber for New Generation Applications 453<br /> Murshid Iman and Tarun K. Maji<br /> <br /> 20.1 Introduction 453<br /> <br /> 20.2 Reinforcing Biofibers 455<br /> <br /> 20.3 Biodegradable Polymers 465<br /> <br /> 20.4 Jute–Reinforced Biocomposites 466<br /> <br /> 20.5 Applications 468<br /> <br /> 20.6 Concluding Remarks 468<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 469<br /> <br /> 21 Cellulose–Based Polymers for Packaging Applications 477<br /> Behjat Tajeddin<br /> <br /> 21.1 Introduction 477<br /> <br /> 21.2 Cellulose as a Polymeric Biomaterial 481<br /> <br /> 21.3 Cellulose as Coatings and Films Material 490<br /> <br /> 21.4 Nanocellulose or Cellulose Nanocomposites 492<br /> <br /> 21.5 Quality Control Tests 493<br /> <br /> 21.6 Conclusions 495<br /> <br /> 22 Applications of Kenaf–Lignocellulosic Fiber in Polymer Blends 499<br /> Norshahida Sarifuddin and Hanafi Ismail<br /> <br /> 22.1 Introduction 499<br /> <br /> 22.2 Natural Fibers 500<br /> <br /> 22.3 Kenaf: Malaysian Cultivation 505<br /> <br /> 22.4 Kenaf Fibers and Composites 508<br /> <br /> 22.5 Kenaf Low–Density Polyethylene (LDPE)/Thermoplastic Sago Starch (TPSS) Blends 509<br /> <br /> 22.6 The Effects of Kenaf Fiber Treatment on the Properties of LDPE/TPSS Blends 512<br /> <br /> 22.7 Outlook and Future Trends 517<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 517<br /> <br /> 23 Application of Natural Fiber as Reinforcement in Recycled Polypropylene Biocomposites 523<br /> Sanjay K Nayak and Gajendra Dixit<br /> <br /> 23.1 Introduction 523<br /> <br /> 23.2 Recycled Polypropylene (RPP)&nbsp; A matrix for Natural Fiber Composites 533<br /> <br /> 23.3 Natural Fiber–Based Composites An Overview 534<br /> <br /> 23.4 Conclusion 545<br /> <br /> Index 551</p>