Earth′s Deep Mantle – Structure, Composition, and Evolution V160
Structure, Composition, and Evolution
Samenvatting
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 160.
Understanding the inner workings of our planet and its relationship to processes closer to the surface remains a frontier in the geosciences. Manmade probes barely reach 10 km depth and volcanism rarely brings up samples from deeper than 150 km. These distances are dwarfed by Earth′s dimensions, and our knowledge of the deeper realms is pieced together from a range of surface observables, meteorite and solar atmosphere analyses, experimental and theoretical mineral physics and rock mechanics, and computer simulations. A major unresolved issue concerns the nature of mantle convection, the slow (1–5 cm/year) solid–state stirring that helps cool the planet by transporting radiogenic and primordial heat from Earth′s interior to its surface.
Expanding our knowledge here requires input from a range of geoscience disciplines, including seismology, geodynamics, mineral physics, and mantle petrology and chemistry. At the same time, with better data sets and faster computers, seismologists are producing more detailed models of 3–D variations in the propagation speed of different types of seismic waves; new instrumentation and access to state–of–the–art community facilities such as synchrotrons have enabled mineral physicists to measure rock and mineral properties at ever larger pressures and temperatures; new generations of mass spectrometers are allowing geo–chemists to quantify minute concentrations of diagnostic isotopes; and with supercomputers geodynamicists are making increasingly realistic simulations of dynamic processes at conditions not attainable in analogue experiments. But many questions persist. What causes the lateral variations in seismic wavespeed that we can image with mounting accuracy? How reliable are extrapolations of laboratory measurements on simple materials over many orders of magnitude of pressure and temperature? What are the effects of volatiles and minor elements on rock and mineral properties under extreme physical conditions? Can ab initio calculations help us understand material behavior in conditions that are still out of reach of laboratory measurement? What was the early evolution of our planet and to what extent does it still influence present–day dynamics? And how well do we know such first–order issues as the average bulk composition of Earth?
Specificaties
Inhoudsopgave
<p>Earth′s Deep Mantle: Structure, Composition, and Evolution An Introduction<br /> Robert D. van der Hilst, Jay D. Bass, Jan Matas, and Jeannot Trampert 1</p>
<p>Noble Gas Models of Mantle Structure and Reservoir Mass Transfer<br /> Darrell Harrison and Chris J. Ballentine 9</p>
<p>The Survival of Mantle Geochemical Heterogeneities<br /> Francis Albarede 27</p>
<p>Towards a Quantitative Interpretation of Global Seismic Tomography<br /> Jeannot Trampert and Robert D. van der Hilst 47</p>
<p>Seismic Modeling Constraints on the South African Super Plume<br /> Don V. Helmberger and Sidao Ni 63</p>
<p>Numerical and Laboratory Studies of Mantle Convection: Philosophy, Accomplishments, and<br /> Thermochemical Structure and Evolution<br /> Paul J. Tackley, Shunxing Xie, Takashi Nakagawa, and John W. Hern Iund 83</p>
<p>Heterogeneous Lowermost Mantle: Compositional Constraints and Seismological Observables<br /> H. Samuel, C.G. Farnetani, and D, Andrault 101</p>
<p>Numerical Study of the Origin and Stability of Chemically Distinct Reservoirs Deep in Earth′s Mantle<br /> P. van Thienen, J. van Summeren, R. D. van der Hilst, A. P. van den Berg, and N. J. Vlaar 117</p>
<p>Self–Gravity, Self–Consistency, and Self–Organization in Geodynamics and Geochemistry<br /> Don L Anderson 137</p>
<p>The Role of Theoretical Mineral Physics in Modeling the Earth′s Interior<br /> Mark S. T. Bukowinski and Sofia Akber–Knutson 165</p>
<p>The Uncertain Major Element Bulk Composition of Earth′s Mantle<br /> Q. Williams and E. Knittle 187</p>
<p>Highly Siderophile Elements: Constraints on Earth Accretion and Early Differentiation<br /> Kevin Righter 201</p>
<p>Mantle Oxidation State and Oxygen Fugacity: Constraints on Mantle Chemistry, Structure, and Dynamics<br /> Catherine A. McCammon 219</p>
<p>Thermochemical State of the Lower Mantle: New Insights From Mineral Physics<br /> James Badro, Guillaume Fiquet, and Frangois Guyot 241</p>
<p>Stability of MgSiOs Perovskite in the Lower Mantle<br /> Sang–Heon Shim 261</p>
<p>Synthetic Tomographic Images of Slabs From Mineral Physics<br /> Y. Ricard, E. Mattern, and J. Matas 283</p>
<p>Compositional Dependence of the Elastic Wave Velocities of Mantle Minerals: Implications for Seismic<br /> Properties of Mantle Rocks<br /> Sergio Speziale, Fuming Jiang, and Thomas S. Duffy 301</p>
<p>Recent Progress in Experimental Mineral Physics: Phase Relations of Hydrous Systems and the Role of Water in Slab Dynamics<br /> Fiji Ohtani 321</p>