Microclimate for Cultural Heritage

<p>1. Microclimate and Atmospheric Variables<br>1.1 Microclimate <br>1.2 Air, Water Vapour, Perfect and Real Gases <br>1.3 The Internal Boundary Layer and the Viscous Layer <br>1.4 Coanda Effect <br>1.5 Atmospheric Variables and Parameters </p> <p>2. Temperature: A Key Variable in Conservation<br>and Thermal Comfort<br>2.1 Temperature: One Variable, Four Popular<br>Definitions <br>2.2 Mechanisms of Temperature-Induced Deterioration <br>2.3 The Urban Heat Island <br>2.4 Temperature in a Building, a Room <br>2.5 Temperature in a Showcase <br>2.6 People’s Thermal Comfort and Discomfort <br>2.7 Is It Possible to Combine People’s Comfort, Conservation<br>Needs, and Sustainability? <br>2.8 Planning Air Temperature Monitoring to<br>Study Air–Surface Interactions and for Environmental<br>Diagnostics </p> <p>3. Theoretical Grounds for Humidity<br>3.1 Partial Pressure of Water Vapour <br>3.2 Derivation of the Latent Heat <br>3.3 Mixing Ratio of Water Vapour and Dry Air <br>3.4 Specific Humidity <br>3.5 Absolute Humidity <br>3.6 Relative Humidity <br>3.7 Dew Point: The Temperature of Condensation <br>3.8 Frost Point: The Temperature of Freezing <br>3.9 Wet Bulb Temperature: The Temperature of Evaporation <br>3.10 The Psychrometric Chart <br>3.11 Humidity When It Rains or Snows </p> <p>4. Consequences of the Maxwell–Boltzmann<br>Distribution<br>4.1 The Maxwell–Boltzmann Equation and the Distribution<br>of Molecules by Velocities <br>4.2 Thermal Emission of Bodies <br>4.3 The Arrhenius Equation <br>4.4 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour in Air <br>4.5 Relative Humidity and Mutual Distance Between<br>H2O Molecules <br>4.6 The Liquid State and the Free H2O Molecules in It <br>4.7 The Raoult Law for Ideal Solutions <br>4.8 Ebullition and Freezing <br>4.9 An Additional Aspect of Relative Humidity <br>4.10 The Three Classes of Water Vapour <br>4.11 Conclusions </p> <p>5. Physics of Drop Formation and Micropore<br>Condensation<br>5.1 How a Curved Water Meniscus Changes<br>the Equilibrium Vapour Tension <br>5.2 Derivation of the Kelvin Equation for Droplet<br>Formation and Micropore Condensation <br>5.3 The Formation of Droplets in the Atmosphere:<br>Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation <br>5.4 Bubbles <br>5.5 Micropore Condensation and Stone Weathering <br>5.6 Adsorption Isotherms <br>5.7 Freeze–Thaw Cycles </p> <p>6. Humidity and Deterioration Mechanisms<br>6.1 Air–Surface Interactions and Environmental Diagnostics <br>6.2 The Equilibrium Moisture Content and Dimensional<br>Changes in Wood <br>6.3 Mechanisms of Humidity Degradation in Paper and<br>Parchment <br>6.4 Biological Habitat and Vacuum Cleaners <br>6.5 Molecular Layers of Water on the Surface of Metals<br>and Glass <br>6.6 Chemical Forms of Decay <br>6.7 A Complex Structure: The Organ Pipe <br>6.8 What Is the Best Microclimate for Conservation? <br>6.9 Keeping Constant Relative Humidity in Rooms and<br>Showcases <br>6.10 Condensation on Cold Surfaces <br>6.11 People as a Moisture Source <br> <br>7. Atmospheric Water, Capillary Rise, and Stone<br>Weathering<br>7.1 Atmospheric Pollution, Acid Rain, Rainfall, and Crusts <br>7.2 Mechanisms of Penetration of Rainwater and Evaporation <br>7.3 Evaporation From Damp Monuments <br>7.4 Capillary Suction <br>7.5 The Equilibrium Vapour Tension Over a Solution <br>7.6 Climate Cycles, Sea Spray, and Salt Damage <br>7.7 Deliquescence–Crystallization Cycles <br>7.8 Some Common Errors That Should Be Avoided <br> <br>8. Rising Damp Treatment and Prevention<br>8.1 Measures to Counteract Rising Damp <br>8.2 Removing Causes <br>8.3 Hiding Effects <br>8.4 Damp-Proof Course With Physical Barrier <br>8.5 Damp-Proof Course With Chemical Barrier <br>8.6 Increasing Wall Temperature <br>8.7 Ventilation Within the Wall <br>8.8 Ventilating Outside the Wall <br>8.9 Dehumidifying Plasters <br>8.10 Active Electro-Osmosis <br>8.11 Passive Electro-Osmosis <br>8.12 Parapsychological Devices <br>8.13 Drying Damp Murals </p> <p>II<br>ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY,<br>POLLUTANT DISPERSION AND<br>SOILING OF PAINTINGS AND<br>MONUMENTS<br>9. Parameters to Describe Air Masses and<br>Vertical Air Motions<br>9.1 Equivalent Temperature <br>9.2 Adiabatic Gradients in Troposphere <br>9.3 Potential Temperature <br>9.4 Equivalent-Potential Temperature <br>9.5 Virtual Temperature </p> <p>10. Atmospheric Stability and Pollutant Dispersion<br>10.1 Introduction <br>10.2 Vertical Temperature Gradients and Plume Behaviour <br>10.3 Effects Due to Topographic Horizontal Inhomogeneity <br>10.4 Urban Climate: Heat Island and Aerodynamic<br>Disturbance <br>10.5 Dispersion and Transportation of Pollutants<br>in a City <br>10.6 Wind Friction Near a Surface <br>10.7 Vertical Fluxes of Heat, Moisture and Momentum <br>10.8 Heat Balance at the Soil or the Monument Surface <br>10.9 Main Parameters Used in Measuring Atmospheric<br>Stability and Turbulence <br>10.10 Plume Dispersion <br>10.11 Stability Classes to Evaluate Atmospheric Stability </p> <p>11. Dry Deposition of Airborne Particulate<br>Matter—Mechanisms and Effects<br>11.1 Introduction <br>11.2 Random Walk and Brownian Diffusivity <br>11.3 Brownian Deposition <br>11.4 Thermophoresis <br>11.5 Diffusiophoresis <br>11.6 Stefan Flow <br>11.7 Gravitational Settling <br>11.8 Electrophoresis <br>11.9 Photophoresis <br>11.10 Aerodynamic Deposition: Inertial Impaction and<br>Interception <br>11.11 Adhesion of Particles to Paintings or Other Surfaces <br>11.12 Vertical Distribution of Particles in Still Air and Their<br>Resuspension by Turbulence <br>11.13 How Soiling Develops <br>11.14 What Is the Most Appropriate Heating<br>and Air Conditioning System to Avoid Soiling? <br>11.15 Inappropriate Positioning of Paintings <br>11.16 Uplifting of Giant Particles and Wind Erosion <br>11.17 Kinetic Energy and Sand Blasting </p> <p>III<br>RADIATION, LIGHT<br>AND COLOURS<br>12. Radiometric Aspects of Solar Radiation, Blackbody,<br>and Lamp Radiation<br>12.1 Radiation Emitted by Bodies and Effects<br>of the Absorbed Energy <br>12.2 Radiometric Temperature <br>12.3 Angular Distribution of Radiant Emission of Bodies <br>12.4 Attenuation of Light in the Atmosphere <br>12.5 Daily and Seasonal Cycles of Solar Radiation on<br>Monuments <br>12.6 Length of Shadow <br>12.7 Electric Lamps for Cultural Heritage <br>12.8 Problems Encountered in Exhibition Lighting <br>12.9 Optical Filters and Optical Fibres <br>12.10 Degradation of Works of Art Caused by Light <br>12.11 Photographic Flash Light <br>12.12 Phototrophic Organisms <br></p>