Small-Format Aerial Photography

<p>Part I</p> <p>Chapter 1: Introduction to small-format aerial photography</p> <p>1-1. Overview</p> <p>1-2. Brief history</p> <p>1-2.1. 19th century</p> <p>1-2.2. 20th century</p> <p>1-3. Photography and imagery</p> <p>1-4. Conventional aerial photography</p> <p>1-5. Small-format aerial photography</p> <p>1-6. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 2: Basic principles of SFAP</p> <p>2-1. Remote sensing</p> <p>2-1.1. Ideal remote sensing</p> <p>2-1.2. Actual SFAP</p> <p>2-2. Common aspects of SFAP</p> <p>2-2.1. Image vantage</p> <p>2-2.2. Photographic scale and resolution</p> <p>2-2.3. Relief displacement</p> <p>2-2.4. Stereoscopic images</p> <p>2-3. Photographic storage</p> <p>2-4. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 3: Photogrammetry</p> <p>3-1. Introduction</p> <p>3-2. Geometry of single photographs</p> <p>3-2.1. Vertical photography</p> <p>3-2.2. Tilted photography</p> <p>3-2.3. Interior orientation</p> <p>3-2.4. Exterior orientation</p> <p>3-3. Geometry of stereophotographs</p> <p>3-3.1. Principle of stereoscopic viewing</p> <p>3-3.2. Base-height ratio and stereoscopic coverage</p> <p>3-3.3. 3D measurements from stereomodels</p> <p>3-3.4. Creating stereomodels with aerial triangulation by bundle-block adjustment</p> <p>3-4. Quantitative analysis of photographs</p> <p>3-4.1. Measuring and mapping from single photographs</p> <p>3-4.2. Manual measuring and mapping from stereomodels</p> <p>3-4.3. Automatic DEM extraction from stereomodels</p> <p>3-5. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 4: Lighting and atmospheric conditions</p> <p>4-1. Introduction </p> <p>4-2. Multiview-angle effects</p> <p>4-3. Bidirectional reflectance distribution function</p> <p>4-4. Multispectral effects</p> <p>4-5. Latitude and seasonal conditions</p> <p>4-6. Clouds </p> <p>4-7. Shadows</p> <p>4-8. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 5: Photographic composition</p> <p>5-1. Introduction</p> <p>5-2. Basic elements of photographic composition</p> <p>5-2.1. Oblique and vertical views</p> <p>5-2.2. Linear features</p> <p>5-2.3. Image depth</p> <p>5-2.4. Pattern and texture</p> <p>5-2.5. Color </p> <p>5-3. Combining compositional elements</p> <p>5-4. Photographs vs. human vision</p> <p>5.5. Summary</p> <p>Part II</p> <p>Chapter 6: Cameras for SFAP</p> <p>6-1. Introduction</p> <p>6-2. Film camera basics</p> <p>6-3. Digital camera basics</p> <p>6-3.1. Types of digital cameras</p> <p>6-3.2. Image sensors</p> <p>6-3.3. Image file formats</p> <p>6-4. Camera geometry and light</p> <p>6-4.1. Focal length</p> <p>6-4.2. Lens aperture</p> <p>6-4.3. Shutter speed</p> <p>6-4.4. Film speed or ISO rating</p> <p>6-4.5. Camera exposure settings</p> <p>6-4.6. Image degradation</p> <p>6-5. Color-infrared photography</p> <p>6-6. Camera capabilities for SFAP</p> <p>6-6.1. Camera lens</p> <p>6-6.2. Image sensor</p> <p>6-6.3. File format</p> <p>6-6.4. Camera type</p> <p>6-6.5. Camera calibration</p> <p>6-7. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 7: Camera mounting systems</p> <p>7-1. Introduction</p> <p>7-2. Camera operation</p> <p>7-3. Detachable mounts</p> <p>7-3.1. Single-camera suspended rigs</p> <p>7-3.2. Multiple-camera suspended rigs</p> <p>7-3.3. Attaching suspendable mounts to a platform</p> <p>7-3.4. Detactable modular unit mounts</p> <p>7-4. Fixed mounts</p> <p>7-5. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 8: Platforms for SFAP</p> <p>8-1. Introduction</p> <p>8-2. Manned light-sport aircraft</p> <p>8-2.1. Powered light-sport aircraft</p> <p>8-2.2. Unpowered light-sport aircraft</p> <p>8-3. Lighter-than-air platforms</p> <p>8-3.1. Lifting gases</p> <p>8-3.2. Helium blimp</p> <p>8-3.3. Hot-air blimp</p> <p>8-4. Kite aerial photography</p> <p>8-4.1. Kites for SFAP</p> <p>8-4.2. Kite-flying equipment</p> <p>8-4.3. Ground operations</p> <p>8-5. Drones for SFAP</p> <p>8-5.1. Basic model airplane</p> <p>8-5.2. Autopiloted model airplane</p> <p>8-5.3. Powered paraglider</p> <p>8-6. Pros and cons of different platforms</p> <p>8-7. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 9: SFAP survey planning and implementation</p> <p>9-1. Introduction</p> <p>9-2. Travel and equipment logistics</p> <p>9-3. Site accessibility and characteristics</p> <p>9-3.1. Local site accessibility</p> <p>9-3.2. Flight obstacles</p> <p>9-3.3. Local wind conditions</p> <p>9-3.4. High-altitude SFAP</p> <p>9-4. Ground Control</p> <p>9-4.1. GCP installation</p> <p>9-4.2. GCP coordinate measurement</p> <p>9-5. Flight planning considerations</p> <p>9-5.1. Image scale and resolution</p> <p>9-5.2. Stereoscopic and large-area coverage</p> <p>9-6. Flight planning example</p> <p>9-6.1. Initial calculations: Complete coverage with single image</p> <p>9-6.2. Revised calulations: Optimal image resolution</p> <p>9-6.3. Consequences for aerial survey design</p> <p>9-6.4. Ideal flightline calculation</p> <p>9-7. Flight planning for oblique SFAP</p> <p>9-8. Legal issues</p> <p>9-8.1. German regulations</p> <p>9-8.2. Regulations in the U.S. and other countries</p> <p>9-8.3. Insurance</p> <p>9-9. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 10. Image interpretation</p> <p>10-1. Introduction</p> <p>10-2. Image interpretability</p> <p>10-3. SFAP interpretation</p> <p>10-3.1. Water and drainage</p> <p>10-3.2. Geomorphology</p> <p>10-3.3. Vegetation and agriculture</p> <p>10-3.4. Cultural heritage and archaeology</p> <p>10-3.5. Soils</p> <p>10-4. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 11: Image processing and analysis</p> <p>11-1. Introduction</p> <p>11-2. Geometric correction and georeferencing</p> <p>11-2.1. Reference coordinate systems</p> <p>11-2.2. Image rectification</p> <p>11-2.3. Image mosaics</p> <p>11-3. Image enhancement</p> <p>11-3.1. Correcting lens-dependent aberrations</p> <p>11-3.2. Contrast enhancement</p> <p>11-3.3. Image filtering</p> <p>11-4. Image transformation</p> <p>11-4.1. Image ratios and vegetation indices</p> <p>11-4.2. Principal components analysis and color-space transformations</p> <p>11-5. Image classification</p> <p>11-6. Stereoviewing and photogrammetric analysis</p> <p>11-6.1. Creating simple on-screen stereoviews</p> <p>11-6.2. Using printouts under a stereoscope</p> <p>11-6.3. Digital stereoviewing</p> <p>11-6.4. Stereoscopic measuring and mapping</p> <p>11-6.5. DEM generation</p> <p>11-7. Software for SFAP analysis</p> <p>11-8. Summary</p> <p>Part III</p> <p>Chapter 12: Glacial geomorphology</p> <p>12-1. Introduction</p> <p>12-2. Glacial erosion</p> <p>12-3. Glacial deposition</p> <p>12-4. Glacial deformation</p> <p>12-5. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 13: Gully erosion monitoring</p> <p>13-1. Introduction</p> <p>13-2. Study sites and survey</p> <p>13-3. Gully mapping and change analysis</p> <p>13-4. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 14: Wetland environments</p> <p>14-1. Overview</p> <p>14-2. Raised bogs, Estonia</p> <p>14-2.1. Endla Nature Reserve</p> <p>14-2.2. Nigula Nature Reserve</p> <p>14-2.3. Discussion</p> <p>14-3. Prairie marshes and playas, Kansas</p> <p>14-3.1. Cheyenne Bottoms </p> <p>14-3.2. Dry Lake</p> <p>14-3.3. Discussion </p> <p>14-4. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 15: Biocontrol of salt cedar</p> <p>15-1. Salt cedar problem</p> <p>15-2. USBR study site</p> <p>15-3. Analysis of KAP results</p> <p>15-4. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 16: Vegetation and erosion</p> <p>16-1. Introduction</p> <p>16-2. Monitoring vegetation and erosion test sites</p> <p>16-3. Influence of grazing on vegetation cover</p> <p>16-4. Combating desertification and soil degradation</p> <p>16-5. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 17: Soil mapping and soil degradation</p> <p>17-1. Introduction</p> <p>17-2. Soils and long-term human land use</p> <p>17-3. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 18: Architecture and property management</p> <p>18-1. Introduction</p> <p>18-2. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri</p> <p>18-3. Property management, Lake Kahola, Kansas</p> <p>18-4. Summary</p> <p>Chapter 19: Golf course management</p> <p>19-1. Overview</p> <p>19-2. Garden City, Kansas</p> <p>19-3. Summary</p> <p>References</p> <p>Index</p>