<p>List of contributors <br>Foreword <br>Preface <br><br>Section I<br>General introduction<br><br>1. Nanotechnology in the diagnosis of ocular diseases, drug delivery, and therapy: challenges and opportunities<br>Lokanath Mishra, Sushama Talegaonkar, Mahendra Rai, Marcelo L. Occhiutto and Monalisa Mishra<br><br>1. Introduction<br>2. Nanotechnology for early diagnosis of ocular diseases<br>3. Conventional treatment modalities<br>3.1 Eye drops<br>3.2 Emulsions<br>3.3 Suspensions<br>3.4 Ointments<br>3.5 Injection<br>3.6 Systemic method for delivery of the drug<br>4. Advantages and disadvantages of the conventional treatment<br>5. Challenges in ocular drug delivery<br>5.1 Inadvertent drug washout from the eye’s surface<br>5.2 Corneal epithelium<br>5.3 The bloodeOcular barrier<br>5.4 Tear turnover<br>5.5 Nasolacrimal drainage<br>5.6 Drug binding to tear proteins<br>5.7 Melanin binding<br>5.8 Drug metabolism<br>6. Ocular drug delivery and the role of nanotechnology<br>6.1 Nanoemulsion<br>6.2 Nanosuspension<br>6.3 Nanoparticles<br>6.4 Liposomes<br>6.5 Dendrimers<br>6.6 Nanomicelles<br>6.7 Niosomes<br>7. Different types of eye disease and how nanotechnology can counter them <br>7.1 Ocular infections <br>7.2 Eye inflammation <br>7.3 Dry eye syndrome <br>7.4 Glaucoma <br>7.5 Drug administration into the posterior segment <br>8. Different types of nanoformulations are used as a carrier to treat various diseases <br>9. Role of phytoconstituents in the drug delivery system <br>10. Conclusion and future perspectives <br>Acknowledgments <br>References <br><br>Section II<br>Perspectives of nanotechnology in ocular drug delivery<br><br>2. An overview of ocular drug delivery systems--conventional and novel drug delivery systems<br>Tarun Virmani, Girish Kumar, Ashwani Sharma and Kamla Pathak<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Ocular barriers to drug delivery <br>2.1 Anatomical barriers <br>2.2 Physiological barriers <br>3. Conventional dosage forms <br>3.1 Eye drops <br>3.2 Eye ointment <br>3.3 Ophthalmic gels <br>3.4 Ocular emulsions <br>3.5 Ocular suspensions <br>3.6 Ocular injections <br>4. Nanotechnology-based approaches <br>4.1 Liposomes <br>4.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles <br>4.3 Nanostructured lipid carriers <br>4.4 Polymeric nanoparticles <br>4.5 Nanoemulsions <br>4.6 Niosomes <br>4.7 Dendrimers <br>4.8 Hydrogels <br>4.9 Polymeric micelles <br>5. Recent advancements in ocular drug delivery <br>6. Clinical status of nanotechnology-based ocular delivery systems <br>7. Patents on various ophthalmic preparations and devices <br>8. Commercialized conventional and novel ophthalmic formulations <br>9. Conclusion and future prospective <br>References <br><br>3. Fathoming biopharmaceutical tenets and characterization techniques for the plausible ophthalmic drug delivery performance<br>Nitu Dogra, Richu Singla, Sushama Talegaonkar and Honey Goel<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Topical drug delivery <br>2.1 Biopharmaceutics and its pharmacokinetic aspects <br>2.2 Considerations for optimal ophthalmic design <br>2.3 Subconjunctival drug administration <br>3. Considerations for the optimal design <br>3.1 Subconjunctival injection <br>4. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery carriers <br>5. Characterization of ophthalmic drug forms <br>5.1 In Vitro characterization <br>5.2 Evaluation and assessment of drug parameters in the dosage form <br>5.3 In vivo Assessment <br>6. Conclusions <br>References <br><br>Section III<br>Biomedical applications of nanocarriers in ocular diseases, and toxicity<br><br>4. Newer nanoformulated peptides in ocular therapeutics: issues and approaches<br>Bakr Ahmed, Pratibha Sharma, Ujjesha Mudgill and Indu Pal Kaur<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Challenges related to peptide ocular delivery <br>3. Ocular bioavailability and peptide transport systems <br>4. Newer peptide therapeutics and their nanocarriers trending in ophthalmology <br>4.1 Human amniotic membrane in ocular therapeutics <br>4.2 Cell-penetrating peptide <br>4.3 Vasoactive intestinal peptide <br>5. Conclusion and future perspective <br>References <br><br>5. An overview of nanocarriers used in corneal disease<br>Priti Singh, Smita Patel, Nikhila C. Jain, Vidhya Verma and Bhavana Sharma<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Corneal anatomical and physiological factors <br>3. Effect of the tear film on drug permeability <br>4. Benefits and limitations of common ocular delivery routes <br>4.1 Systemic administration <br>4.2 Topical administration <br>4.3 Intrastromal and intracameral routes of administration <br>5. Nanomedicine <br>5.1 Idea of theranostics <br>5.2 Nanoparticles <br>5.3 Nanofiber scaffold <br>5.4 Nanodevices <br>5.5 Nanoadhesives, nanosponges, and carbon nanotubes <br>5.6 Nanodelivery <br>6. Future challenges and perspectives <br>7. Conclusion <br>Acknowledgments <br>References <br>Further reading <br><br>6. Nanomedicine-based solutions: nanoemulsions and nanosuspension for ocular diseases<br>Marco Vinicius Chaud and Thais Francine Ribeiro Alves<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Nanomedicines for the management of ocular disease <br>2.1 Nanoemulsion <br>2.2 Nanosuspension <br>3. Conclusion <br>References<br><br>7. Nanotechnology for surgical glaucoma treatment<br>Carolina P.B. Gracitelli, Marcelo Luı´s Occhiutto and Vital Paulino Costa<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. The goal of glaucoma treatment <br>3. Nanoparticle-based formulations and wound-healing modulation <br>4. Glaucoma drainage devices and nanodevices <br>5. Nanotechnology-ocular devices for glaucoma treatment <br>6. Nanotechnology for optic nerve regeneration <br>7. Limitations of nanomaterials <br>8. Future perspectives and conclusions <br>Disclosure <br>References <br><br>8. Nanotechnology in glaucomad conceptual and clinical treatment aspects<br>Qi Xun Lim, Kelvin Cheng Kah Wai and Pankaj Kumar Agarwal<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Limitations in current management of glaucoma <br>2.1 Poor treatment adherence <br>2.2 Limited bioavailability of drugs <br>3. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine <br>4. Nanomedicine and drug delivery <br>5. Liposomes <br>6. Polymeric nanoparticles <br>6.1 Chitosan nanoparticles <br>6.2 Eudragit nanoparticles <br>7. Lipid nanoparticles <br>7.1 Solid lipid nanoparticles <br>7.2 Nanostructured lipid carriers <br>8. Dendrimers <br>9. Niosomes <br>10. Cyclodextrin <br>11. Challenges and looking ahead <br>12. Conclusion <br>References <br>Further reading <br><br>9. Polymeric and lipid nanocarriers in glaucoma<br>Manisha S. Lalan, Pranav Shah, Kalyani Barve, Rahul Jha and Jyoti Jha<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Current treatment options for glaucoma <br>3. Ocular barriers and challenges in treatment with conventional dosage forms <br>4. Nanotechnology in glaucoma management <br>5. Polymeric nanocarriers in the management of glaucoma <br>5.1 Polymeric nanoparticles <br>5.2 Polymeric micelles <br>5.3 Dendrimers <br>6. Lipidic nanocarriers <br>6.1 Liposomes <br>6.2 Cubosomes <br>6.3 Lipid nanoparticlesdsolid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers <br>6.4 Microemulsions <br>6.5 Lipid nanoemulsions <br>7. Toxicity concerns <br>8. Regulatory aspects of nanoformulations <br>9. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>10. Lipid-based nanotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of ocular diseases: current status and future perspectives<br>Jasjeet Kaur Narang, Kiranjeet Kaur, Gurpreet Kaur, Anmol Dogra and Deepti Pandita<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Lipid-based nanotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of ocular diseases <br>2.1 Liposomes <br>2.2 Transferosomes <br>2.3 Niosomes <br>2.4 Nanomicelles <br>2.5 Phytosomes <br>2.6 Lipid nanocapsules <br>2.7 Solid lipid nanoparticles <br>2.8 Nanostructured lipid carriers <br>2.9 Microemulsion <br>2.10 Nanoemulsions <br>2.11 Cubosomes <br>2.12 Transethosomes <br>2.13 Olaminosomes <br>2.14 SMEDDSs (self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems) <br>2.15 SNEDDSs (self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems) <br>2.16 SEDDS (self-emulsifying drug delivery system) <br>2.17 Mixed micelles <br>3. Patented nanolipid carriers for ocular disorders <br>4. Marketed formulations of lipid-based nanotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of ocular diseases <br>5. Conclusion and perspectives <br>References <br>Further reading <br><br>11. Nanotechnology in retinal drug delivery<br>Himanshu Shekhar, Priyanka Panigrahi and Harekrushna Sahoo<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Human eyeball and different barriers in drug delivery <br>3. Eye diseases <br>4. Traditional routes in retinal drug delivery <br>5. Nanotechnology in ocular drug delivery <br>5.1 Liposome <br>5.2 Dendrimers <br>5.3 Hydrogel <br>5.4 Polymeric micelles <br>5.5 Cyclodextrin <br>5.6 Albumin nanoparticles <br>5.7 Inorganic nanoparticles <br>6. Conclusion <br>7. Limitations and future perspectives <br>References <br><br>12. Advances in nanotherapies in the management of microbial keratitis<br>Nagendra Bhuwane, Ishwari Choudhary, Ravi Parashar, Narayan Hemnani and Preeti K. Suresh<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Classification of microbial keratitis <br>2.1 Bacterial keratitis <br>2.2 Fungal keratitis <br>2.3 Parasitic keratitis <br>2.4 Viral keratitis <br>3. Nanotechnology in microbial keratitis <br>3.1 Nanoparticles <br>3.2 Liposomes <br>3.3 Solid lipid nanoparticles <br>3.4 Nanostructured lipid carriers <br>3.5 Niosomes <br>3.6 Nanosuspension <br>3.7 Nanomicelles <br>3.8 Emulgel <br>3.9 Nanoemulsion <br>3.10 Nanogels <br>3.11 Dendrimers <br>4. Conclusion and future prospects <br>References <br><br>13. Polymeric micelles: a novel treatment option for mycotic keratitis<br>Mrunali R. Patel, Mayank N. Jain and Rashmin B. Patel<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Novel drug delivery systems for delivering drugs to the eyes with a special focus on polymeric micelles <br>3. Fundamental considerations of polymeric micelles for ocular delivery <br>4. Opportunities and challenges of using polymeric micelles to treat fungus keratitis <br>5. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>14. Use of nanotechnology in dry eye syndrome<br>Surbhi Sharma, Konika Tyagi and Shweta Dang<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Pathophysiology, causes, and diagnosis <br>2.1 Tear volume <br>2.2 Tear osmolarity <br>3. Immune-based inflammation mechanisms in DED <br>3.1 Immune-mediated changes <br>3.2 Factors responsible for the inflammation in DED <br>4. Medical management of dry eye syndrome <br>4.1 Artificial tears <br>4.2 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs <br>4.3 Antibiotics <br>4.4 Corticosteroids <br>4.5 Cyclosporine A <br>4.6 Punctal plugs <br>4.7 Health supplements <br>4.8 Omega-3 fatty acid <br>4.9 Colloidal systems for management of DES <br>5. Limitations in current treatment methods of dry eye syndrome <br>5.1 Limitations due to ocular anatomical and physiological barriers <br>5.2 Limitations due to ocular drug delivery routes <br>6. Nanotechnology in the management of dry eye syndrome <br>6.1 Introduction to nanotechnology in ophthalmic conditions <br>6.2 Current strategies for dry eye syndrome based on nanotechnology <br>6.3 Nanotechnology-based treatment of dry eye syndrome <br>7. Current challenges and future prospects <br>References <br><br>15. Advances in nanotechnology-based anti-VEGF agents for the management of ocular angiogenesis<br>Hamoudi Ghassan Awde Alfonso, Marı´a Constanza Paz, Santiago Daniel Palma and Marı´a Lina Formica<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Neovascular disorders of the posterior segment of the eye <br>3. Available anti-VEGF drugs: features and challenges <br>4. Nanotechnological systems for anti-VEGF delivery for the treatment of ocular angiogenesis <br>4.1 Polymeric nanoparticles <br>4.2 Lipid nanoparticles <br>5. Conclusion <br>Acknowledgments <br>References <br><br>16. Application of nanotechnology towards reduction of oxidative stress-induced ocular diseases<br>Nabamita Haldar and Monalisa Mishra<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Oxidative stress and ocular diseases <br>2.1 Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy <br>2.2 Oxidative stress and Glaucoma <br>2.3 Oxidative stress and age-related macular degeneration <br>2.4 Oxidative stress in other ocular diseases <br>3. Barriers to ocular drug deliverydanatomical and physiological <br>3.1 Tear film <br>3.2 Cornea <br>3.3 Conjunctiva <br>3.4 Aqueous humor <br>3.5 Sclera <br>3.6 Choroid <br>4. Synthetic and natural antioxidants targeting ROS in ocular diseases <br>4.1 Disadvantages of synthetic and natural antioxidants <br>5. Nanotechnology: a novel ocular drug delivery approach <br>5.1 Metallic/inorganic nanoparticles <br>5.2 Nanoemulsions <br>5.3 Solid lipid nanoparticles <br>5.4 Nanoliposomes <br>5.5 Nanopolymersomes (NPSs) <br>5.6 Nanocrystals <br>6. Toxicity of nanodelivery system <br>6.1 Toxicity of neurons <br>6.2 Nanotoxicity in the eye <br>7. Future perspectives <br>8. Conclusion <br>References <br>Further reading <br><br>17. Nanotechnology in age-related macular degeneration<br>Julio Zaki Abucham Neto, Cristina Nery Carbajo and Leonardo Amarante Pereira<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Treatment evolution and present-day options <br>3. Current challenges in AMD treatment <br>3.1 Short time of drug action with frequent injections <br>3.2 Exclusive intra-vitreal delivery <br>3.3 No treatment for geographic atrophy <br>4. Nanotechnology in AMD <br>4.1 Extending drug action time <br>4.2 Alternative methods for drug delivery <br>4.3 Geographic atrophy treatment <br>5. Conclusion and future perspectives <br>References <br><br>18. Nanotechnological strategies for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy: progress and limitations<br>Marı´a Constanza Paz, Cristian Alan Rossetti, Marı´a Lina Formica and Santiago Daniel Palma<br><br>Abbreviations <br>1. Introduction <br>2. Diabetic retinopathy <br>2.1 Retina <br>2.2 Pathophysiology and classification of diabetic retinopathy <br>2.3 Pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy <br>2.4 Current pharmacotherapies for diabetic retinopathy <br>3. Nanocarriers for the ocular drug delivery: focusing on diabetic retinopathy <br>3.1 Nanocarriers based on polymers <br>3.2 Nanocarriers based on lipids <br>3.3 Nanocarriers based on inorganic compounds <br>4. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>19. Advanced hydrogel-based platform for ocular drug delivery<br>Sopan N. Nangare, Jidnyasa R. Pantwalawalkar, Namdeo R. Jadhav, Petra O. Nnamani, Zamir G. Khan, Pravin O. Patil and Sanjaykumar B. Bari<br><br>1. Introduction <br>1.1 Nanotechnology in ocular drug delivery system <br>2. Hydrogels <br>2.1 Stimuli-responsive polymeric hydrogel <br>2.2 Biocompatibility of ocular hydrogel <br>3. Hydrogel-based ocular drug delivery system <br>3.1 Stimuli-responsive hydrogels <br>3.2 Nonstimuli-responsive hydrogels <br>4. Current challenges and future prospects <br>5. Conclusion <br>Acknowledgments <br>References<br><br>20. Nanotoxicity in ocular drug delivery<br>Triveni Shelke and Monalisa Mishra<br><br>1. Introduction <br>2. Barriers to eye <br>2.1 Anterior segment barrier <br>2.2 Posterior segment barrier <br>2.3 Other factors <br>3. Conventional methods to treat ophthalmic diseases <br>3.1 Topical administrations <br>3.2 Eye drops <br>3.3 Suspensions <br>3.4 Eye injections <br>3.5 Systemic injections <br>3.6 Oral administration <br>4. Advantages of nanomaterials in drug delivery <br>4.1 Microemulsion <br>4.2 Nanosuspensions <br>4.3 Nanoparticles <br>4.4 Liposomes <br>4.5 Niosomes <br>4.6 Cyclodextrins <br>4.7 Nanowafers <br>5. Nanotoxicity <br>5.1 Toxic effects of nanoparticles <br>5.2 Assessment of nanotoxicity <br>6. Conclusion <br>References <br><br>Index </p>