COVID-19 in Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia

<p>List of contributors <br>Preface </p> <p>Section One: COVID-19</p> <p>1 COVID-19 and immunity: an overview<br>Pulak R. Manna, Zachery C. Gray, and P. Hemachandra Reddy</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 COVID-19: risk factors and pathogenesis <br>3 COVID-19 variants and their impact on global health tragedy <br>4 Nutrients and immune health, and their relevance to COVID-19 <br>5 Immunocompromised conditions and COVID-19 <br>6 Diverse measures for preventing COVID-19 <br>7 Potential therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 <br>8 Summary and conclusions <br>Acknowledgments <br>References </p> <p>2 Role of oxidative stress in the severity of SARS-COV-2 infection <br>Sharda P. Singh, Sanjay Awasthi, Ashly Hindle, and Chhanda Bose</p> <p>1 Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation <br>2 Inflammatory stress<br>3 Quenching lipid peroxidation <br>4 4-HNE in COVID-19 <br>5 Functions of 4-HNE with possible relevance to COVID-19 <br>References </p> <p>3 Immune enhancers for COVID-19 <br>Katherine G. Holder, Bernardo Galvan, Pulak R. Manna, Zachery C. Gray, and P. Hemachandra Reddy</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Immune enhancementdsupplements <br>3 Immune enhancersddiet, herbs, and spices <br>4 Conclusion <br>References </p> <p>4 Diabetes mellitus in relation to COVID-19 <br>Bhagavathi Ramasubramanian, Jonathan Kopel, Madison Hanson, and Cameron Griffith</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes <br>3 Biomarkers and risk factors in COVID-19-infected patients <br>4 Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host <br>5 Complications of diabetes during COVID-19 infection <br>6 Treatment and management of diabetes during COVID-19 infection <br>7 The effect of lockdowns on diabetes and obesity <br>8 Lifestyle and diet during COVID-19 pandemic <br>9 Conclusion <br>References </p> <p>5 Food bioactive compounds, sources, and their effectiveness during COVID-19 <br>Giridhar Goudar, Munikumar Manne, Jangampalli Adi Pradeepkiran, and Subodh Kumar</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 COVID-19 and food safety <br>3 Bioactive compounds <br>4 Foods containing bioactive compounds helpful during COVID-19 infection <br>5 Mechanistic activity of bioactive compounds helpful for COVID-19 <br>6 Conclusion <br>References </p> <p>6 MicroRNAs and COVID-19 <br>Prashanth Gowda, Vivek Kumar, Ashish Sarangi, Jangampalli Adi Pradeepkiran, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Subodh Kumar</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 MicroRNAs as biomarkers for COVID-19 <br>3 Molecular basis of microRNAs in COVID-19 infection <br>4 MicroRNAs as therapeutic for COVID-19 <br>5 Conclusion <br>References </p> <p>7 Mechanisms and implications of COVID-19 transport into neural tissue <br>Katherine G. Holder, Bernardo Galvan, and Alec Giakas</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Viruses and neurological damage <br>3 SARS-CoV-2 virulence and neurologic invasion <br>4 Conclusion <br>References <br>Further reading </p> <p>8 Immunogenetic landscape of COVID-19 infections related neurological complications<br>Balakrishnan Karuppiah, Rathika Chinniah, Sasiharan Pandi, Vandit Sevak, Padma Malini Ravi, and Dhinakaran Thadakanathan</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 HLA immunogenetic variations <br>3 HLA immunogenetics and COVID-19 <br>4 HLA associations in COVID-19 induced neurological disorders <br>5 Conclusions <br>References </p> <p>9 Impact of COVID-19 on ischemic stroke condition <br>Tochi Eboh, Hallie Morton, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Murali Vijayan</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Coronavirus and SARS CoV-2 <br>3 Epidemiology of stroke and COVID-19 <br>4 Mechanism of stroke in COVID-19 <br>5 Thrombosis <br>6 Cytokine storm <br>7 Endothelium disruption <br>8 Tissue factor and extrinsic coagulation pathway <br>9 Treatment of acute ischemic stroke in COVID-19 <br>10 Anesthesia for mechanical thrombectomy <br>11 Clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and stroke <br>12 Major challenges of managing stroke during COVID-19 situation <br>13 Conclusion and future directions <br>References </p> <p>10 The psychiatric effects of COVID-19 in the elderly <br>Ashish Sarangi and Subodh Kumar</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Elderly isolation during COVID-19 <br>3 Elderly health care during COVID-19 <br>4 COVID-19-associated psychiatric disorders <br>5 Management of psychiatric disorders related to COVID-19 <br>6 Pharmacological agents <br>7 Conclusion <br>References </p> <p>Section Two: Alzheimer’s disease and dementia during COVID-19</p> <p>11 Blood brain barrier disruption following COVID-19 infection and neurological manifestations<br>Sonam Deshwal, Neha Dhiman, and Rajat Sandhir</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Structure and function of BBB <br>3 Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain <br>4 BBB disruption <br>5 Hypoxia <br>6 Clotting and thrombosis <br>7 Neurological consequences of disrupted BBB post-SARS-CoV-2 infection<br>8 Treatment to prevent BBB disruption following SARS-CoV-2 infection<br>9 Conclusions <br>Abbreviations <br>References </p> <p>12 The effects of lifestyle in Alzheimer’s disease during the COVID-19 pandemic<br>Sparsh Ray, Sonia Y. Khan, Shazma Khan, Kiran Ali, Zachery C. Gray, Pulak R. Manna, and P. Hemachandra Reddy</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Exercise <br>3 Diet <br>4 Social interaction <br>5 Nursing homes <br>6 Conclusion<br>References </p> <p>13 Dementia and COVID-19: An African American focused study<br>Shyam Sheladia, Shivam Sheladia, Rishi Virani, and P. Hemachandra Reddy</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Dementia/COVID-19 <br>3 Unmodifiable risk factors <br>4 Modifiable risk factors <br>5 Age-related chronic diseases <br>6 Environmental risk factors <br>7 Concluding remarks <br>Acknowledgments <br>References <br>Further reading </p> <p>14 Dementia and COVID-19: A Hispanic focused study <br>Shyam Sheladia, Shivam Sheladia, Rishi Virani, and P. Hemachandra Reddy</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Dementia/COVID-19 <br>3 Unmodifiable risk factors <br>4 Modifiable risk factors <br>5 Age-related chronic diseases <br>6 Environmental factors <br>7 Concluding remarks <br>Acknowledgments <br>References </p> <p>15 Women and Alzheimer’s disease risk: a focus on gender <br>Emma Schindler and P. Hemachandra Reddy</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Education <br>3 Employment <br>4 Race <br>5 Sexual and gender identity <br>6 Exercise <br>7 Depression <br>8 Caregiver burden <br>9 COVID-19 pandemic <br>10 Conclusion <br>References </p> <p>16 Women and Alzheimer’s disease: a focus on sex <br>Emma Schindler and P. Hemachandra Reddy</p> <p>1 Introduction<br>2 Clinical presentation <br>3 Disease progression <br>4 Neuropathology <br>5 Genetics <br>6 Endogenous estrogen exposure <br>7 Exogenous estrogen exposure <br>8 Pregnancy <br>9 Vascular risk <br>10 Pharmacology <br>11 COVID-19 pandemic <br>12 Conclusion <br>References </p> <p>17 Effect of COVID-19 on Alzheimer’s and dementia measured through ocular indications <br>Harrison Marsh, Stephen Rossettie and Albin John</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Ocular indications for early screening of Alzheimer’s disease <br>3 Methods of visualizing the retina <br>4 Ophthalmology during COVID-19 <br>5 Conclusion <br>References </p> <p>18 Surgical and nonsurgical interventions for Alzheimer’s disease <br>P. Hemachandra Reddy and Albin John</p> <p>1 Introduction <br>2 Invasive brain stimulation <br>3 Non-invasive brain stimulation procedures <br>4 Conclusion <br>References</p> <p>Index </p>