How SAS Works

1 Introduction to the SAS System.- 1 What Is the SAS System?.- A Comparison of SAS and Other Systems.- Computers on which the SAS System Can Run.- SAS Jobs, Programs, and Data Files.- The SAS job.- The parts of a SAS program.- Types of data files.- 2 A SAS Demonstration.- The Data File.- The SAS Program.- The DATA step.- The PROC steps.- The Print File.- The SAS Log.- Exercises.- 3 The DATA Step and SAS Data Sets.- Types of Data Files.- Non-SAS files.- SAS data sets.- SAS Names.- The Structure of a DATA Step.- The DATA Statement.- Locating the Non-SAS File.- The INFILE statement.- The LINES statement.- The Null statement.- Reading Each Record in a Non-SAS File.- Variable names.- Numeric and character variables.- The INPUT statement.- Putting the DATA Step Together.- What Happens in a DATA Step?.- The DATA step.- The SAS data set.- 4 Some SAS Reporting Procedures.- The PROC Statement.- The PROC Step.- PROC PRINT.- The VAR statement.- The ID statement.- The SUM statement.- The TITLE statement.- PROC CHART.- Specifying the type of chart (TYPE = option).- Specifying the intervals.- Why the intervals should be specified (or DISCRETE used).- PROC PLOT.- Statements for PROC PLOT.- Options on the PLOT statement.- Examples.- Exercises.- 5 Some SAS Descriptive Procedures.- PROC MEANS.- Statements for PROC MEANS.- Options on the PROC MEANS statement.- PROC UNIVARIATE.- Output from PROC UNIVARIATE.- Statements for PROC UNIVARIATE.- PROC FREQ.- Sums and Means in PROC CHART.- Statements for PROC CHART for sums and means.- Statistics for Groups and Subgroups.- Two- and multi-way tables in PROC FREQ.- Groups and subgroups in PROC CHART.- Exercises.- 2 The DATA Step.- 6 The Assignment and Sum Statements.- The Assignment Statement.- Numeric Expressions.- Numeric constants.- Numeric variables.- Arithmetic operators.- Order of operations and parenthesized expressions.- Functions.- Further examples.- Missing Values.- The Sum Statement.- 7 Character Variables and the Length Statement.- The LENGTH statement.- Column input.- List input.- List input and the ampersand modifier.- Assignment statement.- The Assignment Statement and Character Expressions.- Character constants.- Character variables.- Character operator.- Character functions.- 8 Conditional Statements.- The IF-THEN Statement.- Nested IF-THEN statements.- Logical Expressions.- Comparison operators.- Logical operators.- 9 Sources of Input.- The SET Statement.- INPUT Extensions.- The ampersand modifier (&).- The column pointer controls (@n, +n).- The line pointer controls (#n, /).- The double trailing at-sign (@@).- INFILE Extensions.- The FIRSTOBS= and OBS= options.- Detecting End of File.- 10 Output from the DATA Step.- Writing on an External File.- The FILE statement.- The PUT statement.- PUT Extensions.- The column pointer controls (@n, +n).- The line pointer controls (#n, /, _PAGE_, OVERPRINT).- Creating More Than One Output Data Set.- The OUTPUT statement.- When does output occur?.- Detecting End of File on Input.- Restricting the Observations.- The Subsetting IF statement.- The DELETE statement.- The STOP statement.- 11 Explicit Looping.- DO Loops.- Generating Random Numbers.- Uniform random numbers.- Normal random numbers.- Generating Sampling Distributions.- 3 Formatting and Subgroup Analyses.- 12 Formats.- What Is a Format?.- PROC FORMAT and Value Labels.- Parts of the VALUE statement.- Examples of VALUE statements.- The FORMAT Statement.- Formats for Character Variables.- Pre-defined Formats.- Field width.- Number of decimals.- No format.- Formats in PROC steps.- Formats in PUT statements.- 13 Sorting.- PROC SORT.- Statements for PROC SORT.- Sorting in descending order.- 14 Analysis by Subgroups.- Using the BY Statement in PROC Steps.- Tables and charts of frequencies.- Tables and charts of means.- Example of PROC UNIVARIATE.- 15 Customized Reports.- The FIRST, and LAST.byvariables.- Planning the Program.- Two Examples.- Exercises.- 4 Extending the SAS Model.- 16 The SAS Data Set.- The Index of a SAS Data Set.- The role of the SET statement.- The Type of a Variable.- Determining type from INPUT or LENGTH statements.- Determining type from an assignment statement.- The Length of a Variable.- Character variables.- Numeric variables.- Variable Labels.- Labels stored in the data set.- Labels defined in a PROC step.- How procedures use the label.- The Format of a Variable.- How procedures use the format.- Changing the Variables in a Data Set.- 17 The DATA Step.- The Program Data Vector and the DATA-Step Process.- More Complex Data Steps.- Appendix A SAS Statements by Chapter.- Appendix B Index to SAS Statements.