Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii

Section 1 The Patterns of Invasions: Systematic Perspective.- 1. Introduced Insects: A Biogeographic and Systematic Prespective.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Biotic Resistance of Island Faunas.- 1.3 A Null Hypothesis.- 1.4 Preliminary Tests.- 1.5 Biotic Resistance in Disturbed and Undisturbed Habitats.- 1.6 Biotic Resistance and the Build-up of Entomofaunas.- 1.7 Further Considerations.- 1.8 Conclusions.- 1.9 Acknowledgments.- 1.10 References.- 2. Fish Introductions into North America: Patterns and Ecological Impact.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Freshwater Introductions.- 2.3 Saltwater Introductions.- 2.4 Estuarine Introductions.- 2.5 Fish Assemblages Containing Introduced Species.- 2.6 Conclusions.- 2.7 Acknowledgments.- 2.8 References.- 3. Patterns of Plant Invasion in North America.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Origins and Modes of Spread of Weeds.- 3.3 Different Kinds of Invaders.- 3.4 Susceptible Ecosystems.- 3.5 Patterns of Spread.- 3.6 Minor and Major Weeds.- 3.7 Ecotypical Differentiation.- 3.8 Relations between Species: Cakile.- 3.9 Conclusions.- 3.10 Epilogue.- 3.11 Acknowledgments.- 3.12 References.- 4. Patterns of Invasions by Pathogens and Parasites.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Invasions by Parasites with Direct Life Cycles.- 4.3 Invasions by Parasites with Indirect Life Cycles.- 4.4 Comparisons between Parasites with Direct and Indirect Life Cycles.- 4.5 Parasites and Two or More Hosts.- 4.6 Coevolution of Hosts and Parasites.- 4.7 Conclusions.- 4.8 Acknowledgments.- 4.9 References.- 4.10 Appendix.- Section 2 Attributes of Invaders.- 5. Which Animal Will Invade?.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 What Is an Invader?.- 5.3 Why One and Not Another?.- 5.4 Noninvaders: Some Lessons from Checkerspot Butterflies.- 5.5 The Question of Genetics.- 5.6 Are There Any Rules?.- 5.7 Chance and Dispersal.- 5.8 Conclusions.- 5.9 Acknowledgments.- 5.10 References.- 6. Life History of Colonizing Plants: Some Demographic, Genetic, and Physiological Features.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Classification and Definition.- 6.3 Population Growth Rates and Geographical Spread of Colonizing Plant Species.- 6.4 The Genetics of Colonizing Species.- 6.5 Physiological Ecology of Colonizing Species.- 6.6 Niche Relations and Competitive Abilities of Colonizing Species.- 6.7 Conclusions.- 6.8 References.- 7. Models of Genetically Engineered Organisms and Their Ecological Impact.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 A Brief History of the Controversy.- 7.3 Levels of Risk.- 7.4 Models Proposed to Predict Ecological Consequences of Genetically Engineered Organisms.- 7.5 Alien Species Issues Are Important to Genetic Engineering.- 7.6 The Vectors: Implications.- 7.7 Conclusions.- 7.8 Acknowledgments.- 7.9 References.- Section 3 Site Characteristics Promoting Invasions and System Impact of Invaders.- 8. Site Characteristics Favoring Invasions.- 8.1 Introductions.- 8.2 Ecosystems Are in the Mind of the Beholder.- 8.3 Disturbance Is Also in the Mind of the Beholder.- 8.4 Biotic Interactions and Invasions.- 8.5 Time and the Invasion of Ecological Communities.- 8.6 Conclusions.- 8.7 References.- 9. Biological Invasions of Plants and Animals in Agriculture and Forestry.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Weed Invaders.- 9.3 Insect Invaders.- 9.4 Plant Pathogen Invaders.- 9.5 Introduced Biological Control Organisms.- 9.6 Crop, Livestock, and Forest Losses from Biological Pest Invaders.- 9.7 Economic Losses Due to Pest Invaders in Agriculture and Forestry.- 9.8 Conclusions.- 9.9 References.- 10. Biological Invasions and Ecosystem Properties: Can Species Make a Difference?.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Ecosystem Properties.- 10.3 Alterations in Collective Properties.- 10.4 Ecosystem-Level Feedbacks.- 10.5 Conclusions.- 10.6 Acknowledgments.- 10.7 References.- Section 4 Modeling the Invasion Process.- 11. Predicting Invasions and Rates of Spread.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 The Spread of an Invasion.- 11.3 The Initiation of an Invasion.- 11.4 Faunal Consequences of Invasion.- 11.5 The Predictability of Invasions.- 11.6 Acknowledgments.- 11.7 References.- Section 5 Biogeographic Case Histories.- 12. Alien Plant Invasion into the Intermountain West: A Case History.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Climate.- 12.3 Disturbance and the Importance of Large Congregating Mammals.- 12.4 The Role of Humans in Plant Invasions.- 12.5 The Columbia Plateau: A Microcosm of the Invasions.- 12.6 Twentieth Century Invasions.- 12.7 The Modern Vegetation.- 12.8 The Search for Causes.- 12.9 Conclusions.- 12.10 Acknowledgments.- 12.11 References.- 13. Invasibility: Lessons from South Florida.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Phytogeography of South Florida.- 13.3 The South Florida Environment.- 13.4 The Ecosystems of South Florida.- 13.5 Two Successful Introduced Species.- 13.6 Invasibility.- 13.7 Lags in Diffusion.- 13.8 Conclusions.- 13.9 Acknowledgments.- 13.10 References.- 14. Species Introductions to Hawaii.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Hawaii.- 14.3 The Basic Features of Species Introductions.- 14.4 How to Be a Successful Invader.- 14.5 What Makes a Community Easy to Invade?.- 14.6 Conclusions.- 14.7 References.- 15. The Invasions of Plants and Animals into California.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Degree of Disturbance of California’s Natural Ecosystems.- 15.3 Taxonomic Survey of Invaders.- 15.4 Plants: A Detailed Survey.- 15.5 Ecosystem Impact of Plant Invaders.- 15.6 Legislation.- 15.7 Conclusions.- 15.8 Acknowledgments.- 15.9 References.- Section 6 Control of Invaders.- 16. Control of Invaders.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Biological Control.- 16.3 Habitat Management.- 16.4 Eradiction.- 16.5 Conclusions.- 16.6 Acknowledgments.- 16.7 References.- Species Index.- Topical Index.