Social Development

I Historical, Theoretical, and Methodological Considerations.- 1 Historical and Theoretical Foundations.- Developmental Theories in Historical Context.- The Concept of Childhood and Its Nature.- Theories of Social Development.- Psychoanalytic Theory.- Social Learning Theory.- Cognitive Developmental Theory.- Evolutionary Approaches.- Current Themes and Issues.- Thought, Affect, and Behavior.- Biology and Environment.- The Person and the Situation.- Social Interactions.- Individuals and the Social System.- Knowledge and Application.- Summary.- 2 Methodology: History and Issues.- Changing Fashions in Methodology.- Early Studies of Social Development.- The 1930s: Observational Studies.- 1940s to 1960s: Correlational Studies of Parent Effects.- Experimental Studies of Social Development.- Early Studies.- Laboratory Analogues of Reality.- The Onset of Discontent.- Some Conclusions.- New Methods.- The Field Experiment.- Passive Observation: Description and the Return to Correlational Assessment.- Varieties of Setting and Control.- The Problem of Causal Inference.- Conclusion.- Summary.- II The Foundations of Development.- 3 Genetic and Biological Bases of Social Behavior.- Evolution and Biological Adaptedness.- Evolution.- Biologically Adapted Behavior and Its Modification.- Genetic Influences.- Behavior Genetics.- Genetic and Environmental Mechanisms.- Genetic Studies of Personality and Temperament.- Comments on Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality Traits.- The Biological Environment.- Risk Factors in Pregnancy and Birth.- Pharmacological Influences on Behavior.- Summary.- 4 The Origins of Social Behavior.- Temperament.- Definition.- History.- Measurement.- Continuity of Temperament.- Temperament and Its Correlates.- Difficult Temperament.- Attachment.- History of Investigation.- Ethological Theory of Attachment.- Ainsworth’s Typology.- What Follows Secure Attachment?.- Attachment to Father and Others.- Mother-Infant Bonding.- Other Early Social Behaviors.- Mother-Infant Social Interactions.- Play and Peer Relations.- Social Referencing.- Fears.- Wariness of Strangers.- Summary.- 5 Socialization and the Family.- Tasks of Human Socialization.- Child Rearing in Philosophical and Historical Perspective.- Philosophical Views.- Swings of the Pendulum in Child Rearing.- The Scientific Study of Socialization.- Parents’ Socialization Practices and Attitudes.- Restrictiveness (Control)-Permissiveness.- Punishment.- Induction.- Warmth.- Situational Influences on Parenting Practices.- Converging Evidence on Parents’ Practices.- Child Processes.- Identification and Imitation.- Attributions.- Bidirectional Influences.- Child Effects on Parents.- Parental Effects on the Child.- Reciprocal Influences and Transactional Effects.- The Family as a System: Mothers, Fathers, and Children.- Mothers’ and Fathers’ Child-Rearing Characteristics.- What are Mothers’ and Fathers’ Specific Influences on the Child?.- The Family as a System.- Parents’ Shifting Roles.- Androgynous Parents.- Influences on Parents’ Child-Rearing Practices.- Parental Characteristics.- Contextual Factors in Child Rearing.- Cultural Influences.- Child Abuse.- The Causes of Abuse.- Summary.- 6 Widening Social Networks and Their Influences.- Peer Relations and Social Competence.- Growing Away From the Family.- The Growth of Social Competence.- Peer Groups and Their Socializing Influence.- The Pull of Parental Versus Peer Influences.- Cross-Cultural Perspectives.- Peer Relations and Behavior Disorders.- Schools as Social Institutions.- Schools as Settings for Socialization.- The School as a Moral and Responsible System.- Relations to Others.- Summary.- III The Content of Development.- 7 Social Cognition.- Origins of Interest in Social Cognition.- The Contribution of Cognitive Developmental Theory.- The Contribution of Social Psychology.- Do We Think in the Same Way About the Physical and Social Worlds?.- Differences Between Thinking About the Physical and Social Worlds.- The Development of Social Cognition.- Knowledge of Others.- The Sources of Age-Related Changes in Social Cognition.- Knowledge of Self.- Summary.- 8 The Development of Self-Control and the Problem of Aggression.- Self-Control and Self-Regulatory Processes.- Self-Control Versus Self-Regulation.- Internalization of Values and Learning of Skills.- The Acquisition of Self-Control Skills.- Mechanisms of Self-Control.- Self-Control as a Personality Trait.- Aggression.- Defining Aggression.- The “Problem” of Aggression.- Historical and Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Aggression.- Biological Determinants of Aggression.- The Beginnings of Aggression.- Aggression as a Personality Trait.- Emotional and Cognitive Mediators of Aggression.- The Socialization of Aggression.- Summary.- 9 Morality and Altruism.- The Nature of Morality.- Morality and Altruism.- A History of Research on Morality and Prosocial Behavior.- The Development of Morality.- The Development of Moral Thinking.- Some More Thoughts on the Relationship Between Moral Thought and Moral Conduct.- Morality: Constructed and Transmitted.- The Development of Prosocial Behavior.- The Roots of Altruism.- Mood and Sharing.- Reasoning About Prosocial Behavior.- Consistency and Continuity of Altruistic Behavior.- Summary.- 10 Sex Differences and Sex Roles.- History and a Point of View.- Areas of Sex Differences.- Research Integration.- Division of Labor.- Cognitive Abilities and Achievement.- Social Behavior.- Researcher Bias?.- Origins and Explanations of Sex Differences.- Environmental Aspects.- Biological Aspects.- Androgyny.- A Synthesis.- Summary.- IV Some Social Issues.- 11 Divorce and Its Aftermath.- The Effects of Divorce.- An Ecological Perspective on Divorce.- Divorce or Not Divorce: The Effects of Marital Discord.- A Structural Versus Family Process Approach.- Variables Affecting a Child’s Response to Parent Separation.- A Note on Custody Arrangements.- Remarriage and Reconstituted Families.- Problems in Reconstituted Families.- Summary.- 12 Threats to Secure Attachment.- Disruption of Attachment Bonds.- Children Reared in Institutions.- Factors Modifying the Effects of Institutional Rearing.- Causes of Adverse Effects.- Reversibility of Adverse Effects.- Day Care.- History.- Is Security of Attachment Affected by Day Care?.- Social Development.- Cognitive Development.- Effects on the Family.- Group Day Care Versus Day-Care Homes.- Parameters of Quality.- Conclusions.- Summary.- References.- Author Index.