An Introduction to Difference Equations

* Preface * List of Symbols * Dynamics of First-Order Difference Equations * Linear Difference Equations of Higher Order * Systems of Linear Difference Equations * Stability Theory * Higher Order Scalar Difference Equations * The Z-Transform Method and Volterra Difference Equations * Oscillation Theory * Asymptotic Behavior of Difference Equations * Applications to Continued Fractions and Orthogonal Polynomials * Control Theory * Answers and Hints to Selected Problems * Appendix A: Stability of Nonhyperbolic Fixed Points of Maps on the Real Line * Vandermonde Matrix * Stability of Nondifferentiable Maps * Stable Manifold and Hartman-Grobman-Cushing Theorems * Levin-May Theorem * Classical Orthogonal Polynomials * Identities and Formulas * References * Index