Antibiotics - Therapeutic Spectrum and Limitations

Contributors<br>Preface<br><br>I<br>Introduction<br><br>1. Introduction to antibiotic therapy<br>Amal Kumar Dhara and Amit Kumar Nayak<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Bacterial infection<br>3 Antibiotic era<br>4 Challenges in the development of antibiotics<br>5 Classes of antibiotics and their therapeutic spectrum<br>6 β-Lactam antibiotics<br>7 Aminoglycoside antibiotics<br>8 Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines<br>9 Macrolide antibiotics<br>10 Lincosamide and glycopeptide antibiotics<br>11 Polypeptide antibiotics<br>12 Antifungal antibiotics<br>13 Antitubercular antibiotics<br>14 Toxicity of antibiotics<br>15 Antimicrobial resistance<br>16 Prospect of probiotics and natural products<br>17 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>II<br>Microbial infection and antibiotics development<br><br>2. Bacterial infections: Types and pathophysiology<br>V.T. Anju, Siddhardha Busi, Mahima S. Mohan, and Madhu Dyavaiah<br><br>1 Infection: An overview<br>2 Bacterial infections and mechanism of pathogenesis<br>3 Types of bacterial infections and pathophysiology<br>4 Conclusions<br>References<br><br>3. Antibiotics role in past and present: A challenge to find new possibilites in development<br>Kumar Bhavna, Deepika Raina, Shradha Singh Raghav, Manmohan Singhal, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Samir Bhargava, and Abhijeet Ojha<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics<br>3 Antimicrobial chemotherapy<br>4 The golden era of antibiotics<br>5 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>4. Challenges in the development of novel antibiotics<br>David Elder<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Target product profiles for new antibacterials<br>3 Developing novel antibiotics<br>4 Case studies: Development of novel antibiotics<br>5 The role of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in developing new antibiotics<br>6 Conclusions<br>References<br><br>III<br>Antibiotics and therapeutics<br><br>5. Beta-lactam antibiotics<br>Carlos Barreiro, Sonia Martı´nez-Ca´mara, Carlos Garcı´a-Estrada, Manuel de la Torre, and Jose L. Barredo<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Beta-lactam antibiotics: Types, structure, and mechanism of action<br>3 Penicillins and cephalosporins: Discovery and biosynthetic pathways<br>4 Resistances: Mechanism and clinical relevance<br>5 Omics in the development of beta-lactams<br>6 Future outlook<br>Acknowledgments<br>References<br><br>6. Aminoglycoside antibiotics<br>Julia Revuelta and Agatha Bastida<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Targeting RNA with AGAs<br>3 Aminoglycoside resistance<br>4 Toxicity<br>5 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics<br>6 Development of second-generation AGAs<br>7 Aminoglycoside-based biomaterials<br>8 Outlook and future perspectives<br>References<br><br>7. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline (broad spectrum antibiotics)<br>Manmohan Singhal, Mohit Agrawal, Kumar Bhavna, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Samir Bhargava, Komal Satish Gondkar, Kumud Joshi, Vijay Singh Rana, Jagannath Sahoo, and Mandeep Kumar Arora<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Tetracyclins<br>3 Mode of action of tetracyclines<br>4 Tetracycline resistance with mechanisms in biochemistry and genetics<br>5 Chloramphenicol<br>6 Structural-activity relationship<br>7 Chloramphenicol resistance<br>8 Combination effect of chloramphenicol with other antibiotics<br>9 Conclusion<br>Further reading<br><br>8. Macrolide antibiotics<br>Manmohan Singhal, Mohit Agrawal, Kumar Bhavna, Komal Satish Gondkar, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Kumud Joshi, Ritik Kumar, Uddipak Rai, Samir Bhargava, and Vijay Singh Rana<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 The binding site of macrolide<br>3 Mode of action<br>4 Classification of macrolide antibiotics<br>5 Administration<br>6 Side effects<br>7 Contradictions<br>8 Monitoring<br>9 Toxicity<br>10 Resistance<br>11 Conclusion<br>Further reading<br><br>9. Lincosamide and glycopeptide antibiotics<br>Ijaz Hussain, Tania Jabbar, Asma Naureen, Sadaf-Ul-Hassan, Amjad Hussain, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Naseem Abbas, and Syed Ali Raza Naqvi<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Structures of lincosamides and glycopeptides antibiotics<br>3 Mechanism of action<br>4 Bacterial resistance<br>5 Semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotics<br>6 Biological activity and medicinal importance<br>7 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>10. Antimicrobial lipopeptides: Multifaceted designs to curb antimicrobial resistance<br>Sudip Mukherjee, Rajib Dey, Yash Acharya, and Jayanta Haldar<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Naturally occurring lipopeptide antimicrobials<br>3 Semisynthetic glycolipopeptides<br>4 Synthetically designed lipopeptide antimicrobials<br>5 Conclusion and future outlook<br>References<br><br>11. Antifungal compounds: With special emphasis on echinocandins, polyenes, and heterocyclic benzofurans<br>D. Sampritha Devi, Megh Bose, and Regina Sharmila Dass<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Polyenes<br>3 Echinocandins<br>4 Heterocyclic benzofurans<br>5 Conclusion<br>References<br>Further reading<br><br>12. Antibiotics in the management of tuberculosis and cancer<br>Niranjan Koirala, Monica Butnariu, Mamata Panthi, Roshani Gurung, Sundar Adhikari, Romit Kumar Subba, Zenisha Acharya, and Jelena Popovic-Djordjevic<br><br>1 Introduction to antibiotics, tuberculosis, and cancer<br>2 Antibiotics in the management of tuberculosis<br>3 Antibiotics in the management of cancer<br>4 Recent advances in the antibiotics discovery for tuberculosis: Biotechnology perspectives<br>5 Recent advances in the antibiotics discovery for cancer: Biotechnology perspectives<br>6 Conclusion and future perspective<br>References<br>Further reading<br><br>IV<br>Toxicity and antibiotic resistance<br><br>13. Toxicity consideration of antibiotics<br>Sameh S. Ali, Asmaa Ali, Tamer Elsamahy, Kamal M. Okasha, and Jianzhong Sun<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Mechanism of antibiotic toxicity<br>3 Risk factors influencing antibiotic toxicity<br>4 Common features of antibiotic toxicity<br>5 Consideration to avoid antibiotic toxicity<br>6 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>14. Rational use of antibiotics—Save antibiotics for future generations<br>Indira P. Sarethy, Nidhi Srivastava, Swapnil Chaturvedi, Nidhi Chauhan, and Michael Danquah<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Antimicrobial drug resistance overview<br>3 Global burden of antibiotics in different sectors<br>4 Cause of spread of antimicrobial drug resistance<br>5 Global impact of unsustainable management<br>6 Steps required for saving antibiotics for future generations<br>7 Currently active National Action Plans on AMR<br>8 Future prospects and conclusions<br>Consent for publication<br>Conflict of interest<br>Acknowledgments<br>References<br><br>15. Combined use of antibiotics<br>Jinli Wang, Jinwu Meng, Jinyue Zhu, Siya Li, Tianxin Qiu, Wenjia Wang, Jinxue Ding, Kun Li, and Jiaguo Liu<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Combination antibiotics therapy for multidrug-resistant bacteria<br>3 Combinations of antibiotics with Class Ia antibiotic adjuvants<br>4 Combined use of antibiotics with Class Ib adjuvants<br>5 Combined use of antibiotics with Class II adjuvants<br>6 Future perspectives<br>References<br><br>16. Antibiotic resistance—A global crisis<br>Zeuko’o Menkem Elisabeth<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Antibiotic resistance<br>3 Causes of antibiotic resistance<br>4 Management of antibiotic resistance<br>5 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>17. Traditional medicine in the management of microbial infections as antimicrobials: Pros and cons<br>Joyeta Ghosh, Partha Palit, Subhasish Maity, Vedprakash Dwivedi, Jyoti Das, Chittaranjan Sinha, and Debprasad Chattopadhyay<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Data synthesis<br>3 Mother nature: The pharmacopeia of the living kingdom<br>4 Role of TM in infection management<br>5 Traditional medicine on fungal infection<br>6 TM against viruses<br>7 TM in protozoal infections<br>8 Potential of TM-based future antimicrobials<br>9 Conclusion and future direction<br>Acknowledgment<br>References<br><br>V<br>Others<br><br>18. Quinolones as antimicrobial and antiresistance agents<br>Kadja Luana Chagas Monteiro, Marcone Gomes dos Santos Alc^antara, Nathalia Monteiro Lins Freire, Thiago Mendonc¸a de Aquino, and Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Ju´nior<br><br>1 An overview of quinolones and their structureactivity relationship<br>2 Pharmacology and clinical uses<br>3 Mode of action<br>4 Mode of resistance<br>5 Quinolone-topoisomerase interactions<br>6 The state of the art in the basic research for new quinolones<br>7 Modulation of resistance: NorA efflux pump and MRSA<br>8 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>19. Herbal drugs as antibiotics<br>Shabihul Fatma Sayed<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 What is the need for herbal antibiotics?<br>3 Therapeutic effects of herbs<br>4 Herbs for their Antibiotic actions<br>5 Herbal drugs as antibiotics in respiratory ailments<br>6 Conclusion<br>Acknowledgments<br>References<br><br>20. Challenges for use of antibiotics in pediatric and geriatric population<br>Kumar Bhavna, Komal Satish Gondkar, Priyanshu Kumar, Uddipak Rai, Manmohan Singhal, Vijay Singh Rana, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Samir Bhargava, Mandeep Kumar Arora, Abhijeet Ojha, and Anuj Nautiyal<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Considerations<br>3 Absorption<br>4 Distribution<br>5 Metabolism<br>6 Elimination<br>7 Pharmacodynamics properties of antibiotics used in both pediatric and geriatric patients<br>8 Adverse drug reaction and adverse drug events<br>9 Antibiotic allergy<br>10 Medication errors<br>11 Off-label antibiotic usage<br>12 Parents’ role<br>13 Prescriber role<br>14 Discussion<br>15 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>21. Role of antibiotics in hospital-acquired infections and community-acquired infections<br>Tuhina Banerjee, Swati Sharma, and Pue Rakshit<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Antibiotics: The magic bullets<br>3 Which came first? Antibiotics or AMR?<br>4 Antimicrobial resistance: A global challenge<br>5 Colonization to infection: Understanding the basics<br>6 Hospital and community: Two different ecosystems<br>7 Hospital-acquired infections: An introduction<br>8 Community-acquired infections (CAI): An introduction<br>9 When not to use antibiotics?<br>10 Challenges in implementation of rational antibiotic use policies and practices in LMIC<br>11 Preventive strategies against antibiotic misuse<br>12 Conclusions<br>References<br><br>22. Adult sepsis as an emerging hospitalacquired infection: Challenges and solutions<br>Puneet Gandhi and Parkhi Shrivastava<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Why is sepsis the most precarious HAI<br>3 Challenges in the diagnosis of sepsis<br>4 Treatment challenges<br>5 Clinical conditions compromising sepsis outcome<br>6 Tackling the challenges<br>7 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>23. Probiotics: A solution to the prevention of antimicrobial resistance<br>Chit Laa Poh, Kanwal Khalid, and Hui Xuan Lim<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Mechanisms of probiotic action<br>3 Antimicrobial activity of probiotics<br>4 Modulation of immune responses<br>5 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>24. Role of modern drug delivery in antibiotic therapy<br>Bulu Mohanta, Amit Kumar Nayak, and Amal Kumar Dhara<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Nanotechnological approaches for antibiotic delivery<br>3 Stimuli-responsive antibiotic drug delivery<br>4 Localized implantable antibiotic drug-delivery<br>5 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>25. Antibiotic residues in food<br>Zeuko’o Menkem Elisabeth<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Classes of antibiotics used in aquaculture (fish), agriculture (plant), poultry, and livestock (animal)<br>3 Laboratory testing of antibiotic residues<br>4 Antibiotic residues in food: Fish, plant, and animal foods<br>5 Health consequences of antibiotic residues<br>6 Management of antibiotic residues<br>7 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>26. Clinical trials, regulatory considerations, and market overview of antibiotics<br>Samir Bhargava, N.V. Satheesh Madhav, Amal Kumar Dhara, Ashish R. Dwivedi, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Devendra Kumar, Manmohan Singhal, Shyamali Thakur, Shraddha Manish Gupta, Kumar Bhavna, Anuj Nautiyal, Abhijeet Ojha, and Vijay Singh Rana<br><br>1 Introduction<br>2 Classification of antibiotics<br>3 The US regulator (Food and Drug Administration)<br>4 Different applications submitted at US-FDA<br>5 Antibacterial susceptibility test interpretive criteria of FDA<br>6 Role of clinical trials and FDA in antibiotic development<br>7 Natural product-based antibiotic discovery<br>8 Market overview of antibiotics<br>9 Conclusion<br>References<br><br>Index