SECTION 1: UNDERSTANDING TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT<br>GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT<br>4 Embryology and Fetal Development of Face and Neck<br>Roya Sohaey, MD<br>14 TMJ Embryology<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD<br>20 Upper Respiratory Tract Embryology<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD<br>26 TMJ Effect on Facial Growth<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br>36 TMJ Effect on Upper Respiratory Tract Morphology<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>FUNCTION AND BIOMECHANICS<br>40 Occlusion and Orthopedic Stability<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Domingo Martín, MD, DDS, and Guillermo Ochoa, BDS<br>48 Levers and Kinesiology of the Masticatory System<br>Alberto Canabez, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>52 Jaw Function, Dysfunction, and TMJ Biomechanics<br>Luigi M. Gallo, MEng, PhD<br>58 4D Mandibular Movements<br>Domingo Martín, MD, DDS and Alberto Canabez, MD<br>64 Tensegrity and the Upper Respiratory Tract<br>Jay Harris Levy, DDS<br>72 Tensegrity and the TMJ/AOJ Posture<br>Jay Harris Levy, DDS<br>80 The Tricentric Concept of Occlusion<br>Mariano Rocabado, PT, DPT, CCTT and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>88 Structure of Mandibular Condyle and Related TMJ Biomechanics<br>Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD<br>92 Structure and Function of TMJ Disc and Disc Attachments<br>Le W. Huwe, BS, Ryan P. Donahue, PhD, and Jerry C. Hu, PhD<br>96 Modeling and Remodeling of TMJ and Mandible<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br>112 Biodynamics of Upper Respiratory Tract<br>Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br><br>SECTION 2: ANATOMYTMJ<br>118 TMJ Osseous Components<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>130 TMJ Disc/Fibrocartilage<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>136 TMJ Capsule and Ligaments<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>140 TMJ Histology and Synovial Fluid Composition<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>144 TMJ Innervation<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD<br>146 TMJ Vasculature<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br><br>MUSCLES<br>150 Muscles of Mastication<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD<br>152 Facial Muscles and Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>166 Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Neck<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD<br>178 Tongue<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD, and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD<br>182 Posterior Cervical Muscles<br>Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>JAWS<br>186 Mandible<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>192 Maxilla<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>200 Teeth<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>TEMPORAL BONE<br>206 Temporal Bone<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br><br>UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT<br>222 Sinonasal Overview<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>236 Ostiomeatal Unit<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>240 Frontal Recess and Related Air Cells<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>250 Nasopharynx and Oropharynx<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)<br>256 Hypopharynx<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br><br>SKULL BASE<br>266 Skull Base Overview<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>272 Anterior Skull Base<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>278 Central Skull Base<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>284 Posterior Skull Base<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br><br>CRANIAL NERVES RELATED TO TMJ<br>294 Cranial Nerves Overview<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>306 Trigeminal Nerve (CNV)<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>318 Facial Nerve (CNVII)<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>326 Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX)<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>332 Vagus Nerve (CNX)<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>338 Accessory Nerve (CNXI)<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>342 Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br><br>CERVICAL SPINE AND OTHERS<br>348 Cervical Spine<br>Jeffrey S. Ross, MD<br>366 Craniocervical Junction<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>376 Styloid Process and Stylohyoid Ligament<br>Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)<br>380 Hyoid Bone<br>Ronald C. Auvenshine, DDS, PhD and Nathan J. Pettit, DMD, MSD<br><br>SECTION 3: MODALITIES USED FOR TMJ AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IMAGING<br>INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW<br>388 Imaging Decision Making<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br><br>HARD TISSUE IMAGING<br>390 Plain Film Imaging of TMJ<br>Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>396 Plain Film Imaging of Upper Respiratory Tract<br>Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>398 Arthrography<br>Richard W. Katzberg, MD<br>400 Introduction to CBCT Imaging<br>Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS and Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci.<br>408 CBCT Analysis of TMJ<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br>414 CBCT Analysis of Upper Respiratory Tract<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>424 Radiation Dose in CBCT<br>Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Shikha Rathi, BDS, MS<br>428 Introduction to MDCT Imaging<br>Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>434 MCDT Image Acquisition and Processing for TMJ and Airway Analysis<br>Asma'a Al-Ekrish, MDS, Cert. Diag. Sci. and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br><br>SOFT TISSUE IMAGING<br>442 Introduction to MR Imaging<br>Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc, and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA<br>450 Dynamic MR of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract<br>Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Seçil Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Tugrul Ormeci, MD, MSc, PhD<br>454 Quantitative MR of Cartilage and Implications for TMJ Imaging<br>Derek D. Cissell, VMD, PhD, DACVR, Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD<br>460 Introduction to US Imaging<br>Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Hakan Amasya, DDS, MSc<br>468 US of TMJ and Upper Respiratory Tract<br>Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD<br>474 Arthroscopy<br>Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD<br><br>SECTION 4: TMJ DIAGNOSES<br>CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TMD<br>482 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of TMD to Radiographic Findings<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br>494 Functional Disorders of Muscles<br>Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>500 Intracapsular Disorders of TMJ<br>Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>CONGENITAL CONDITIONS<br>508 Craniofacial Malformations and Syndromes Affecting TMJ<br>Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Dann Martin, MD, MS<br>520 Hemifacial Microsomia<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>524 Pierre Robin Sequence<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>528 Treacher Collins Syndrome<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD, Caroline D. Robson, MBChB, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS<br>530 Condylar Hypoplasia<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)<br>534 Condylar Hyperplasia<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>540 Coronoid Hyperplasia<br>Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>544 Hemimandibular Elongation<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>548 Mandibular Salivary Gland Defect (Stafne)<br>Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>550 Foramen Tympanicum<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br><br>TRAUMA<br>552 TMJ Fracture, Adult and Neonatal<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)<br>558 TMJ Dislocation<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>560 Bifid Condyle<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)<br>564 Osteochondritis Dissecans<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br><br>INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS<br>566 Rheumatoid Arthritis<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>572 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lubdha M. Shah, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>578 Septic Arthritis<br>Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>582 Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis<br>Kristine M. Mosier, DMD, PhD and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br>584 Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br><br>DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS<br>588 Degenerative Joint Disease<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>592 Idiopathic Condylar Resorption<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>598 Synovial Cyst<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD<br>600 TMJ Ganglion Cyst<br>Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br><br>DISC DERANGEMENT CONDITIONS<br>602 MR Analysis of Normal TMJ Disc<br>Richard W. Katzberg, MD, Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>606 Fine Structural Details of Disc and Posterior Attachment<br>Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>612 Overview of Disc Displacements<br>Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS<br>618 Disc Displacement With Reduction<br>Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS<br>624 Disc Displacement Without Reduction<br>Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS<br>630 Joint Fluid and Marrow Alterations<br>Richard W. Katzberg, MD, David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Joanne Ethier, DMD, MBA, MS<br>636 Adhesions<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br>638 US of TMJ Internal Derangement<br>Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA and Gürkan Ünsal, DDS, PhD<br><br>ACQUIRED CONDITIONS<br>644 Dual Bite<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>650 Posterior Tooth Fulcrum Formation<br>Alberto Canabez, MD, Domingo Martín, MD, DDS, and Adina Sirbu, DMD, PhD<br>654 Fibrous Ankylosis<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>656 Bony Ankylosis<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)<br>658 Osteoradionecrosis<br>Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br><br>TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS<br>662 Primary Synovial Chondromatosis<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C), David Hatcher, DDS, MSc, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>666 Secondary Synovial Chondromatosis<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>668 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br><br>BENIGN NEOPLASMS<br>672 Osteochondroma<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)<br>678 Osteoma<br>Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS, H. Ric Harnsberger, MD, and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, Ph<br><br>MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS<br>680 Chondrosarcoma<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)<br>684 Osteosarcoma<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Peruze Celenk, DDS, PhD<br>686 Metastasis<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS<br><br>MISCELLANEOUS<br>688 Simple Bone Cyst<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS<br>690 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br>694 Fibrous Dysplasia<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc <br><br>OCCLUSAL STRESS-RELATED CONDITIONS<br>698 Attrition<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>700 Abfraction<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>701 Hypercementosis<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>702 Cemental Fractures<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>704 Alveolar Process Exostosis<br>Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>706 Torus Mandibularis<br>Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS<br>708 Torus Palatinus<br>Lisa J. Koenig, BChD, DDS, MS<br><br>SECTION 5: TMJ DISORDER MIMICS<br>ORAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING/MIMICKING TMD<br>712 Odontogenic Infection of Pulpal Origin<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>716 Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Infections<br>Byron W. Benson, DDS, MS and Richard H. Wiggins, III, MD, CIIP, FSIIM, FAHSE, FACR<br>720 Osteomyelitis of Jaw<br>Susanne E. Perschbacher, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>724 Perineural Tumor Spread<br>Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br><br>TMD AND TEMPORAL BONE ABNORMALITIES<br>728 Temporal Bone and Cervical Disorders Mimicking TMD<br>Ben J. Balough, MD<br>736 Temporal Bone Anatomy and Imaging Issues<br>Karen L. Salzman, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>742 EAC-Acquired Cholesteatoma<br>Nicholas A. Koontz, MD<br>743 Necrotizing External Otitis<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>744 Keratosis Obturans<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>745 EAC Osteoma<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>746 Medial Canal Fibrosis<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>747 EAC Basal Cell Carcinoma<br>Nayela Keen, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J.<br>Balough, MD<br>748 EAC Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma<br>Hilda E. Stambuk, MD<br>749 Acute Otomastoiditis With Abscess<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB<br>750 Acute Otomastoiditis With Coalescent Otomastoiditis<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB<br>751 Labyrinthitis<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Troy A. Hutchins, MD<br>752 Pars Flaccida Cholesteatoma<br>Nicholas A. Koontz, MD<br>753 Temporal Bone Fibrous Dysplasia<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>754 Temporal Bone Fractures<br>Deborah R. Shatzkes, MD, Troy A. Hutchins, MD, and<br>Bradley Strong, MD<br>756 Temporal Bone Perineural Parotid Malignancy<br>Hilda E. Stambuk, MD, Arnaud F. Bewley, MD, and Ben J. Balough, MD<br><br>CERVICAL SPINE ABNORMALITIES RELATED TO TMD OR SDB<br>758 Degenerative Arthritis of CVJ<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>762 Cervical Spondylosis<br>Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>763 Cervical Facet Arthropathy<br>Jeffrey S. Ross, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>764 Ankylosing Spondylitis<br>Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>766 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cervical Spine<br>Julia R. Crim, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>770 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Cervical Spine<br>Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>771 Ligamentous Injury<br>Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>772 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>773 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis<br>Cheryl A. Petersilge, MD, MBA and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>774 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition,<br>Cervical Spine<br>Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>775 Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis<br>Lubdha M. Shah, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br><br>MASTICATOR SPACE CONDITIONS<br>776 Masticator Space Overview<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>780 Pterygoid Venous Plexus Asymmetry<br>Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR<br>781 Benign Masticator Muscle Hypertrophy<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>782 CNV3 Motor Denervation<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD<br>784 Masticator Space Abscess<br>Rebecca S. Cornelius, MD, FACR, Dania Tamimi, BDS,<br>DMSc, and David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br>786 Masticator Space CNV3 Schwannoma<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>787 Masticator Space CNV3 Perineural Tumor<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>788 Masticator Space Chondrosarcoma<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>790 Masticator Space Sarcoma<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS<br>792 Bell Palsy<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br>793 Hemifacial Spasm<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MD<br>794 Trigeminal Neuralgia<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Can Kocasarac, MD<br><br>SECTION 6: SDB-RELATED UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT DIAGNOSES<br>CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SDB<br>798 Classification of SDB Disorders<br>Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA, Seçil Aksoy, DDS, PhD, and Ulas Oz, DDs, PhD<br>800 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of SDB<br>Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD<br>806 Correlation of Clinical Symptoms of SDB to<br>Radiographic Findings<br>Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD, Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>808 Nasal Risk Factors for SDB<br>Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>810 Paranasal Sinus Risk Factors for SDB<br>Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>812 Nasopharyngeal Risk Factors for SDB<br>Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>814 Oropharyngeal Risk Factors for SDB<br>Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>816 Cervical Spine-Related Risk Factors for SDB<br>Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br><br>CONGENITAL CONDITIONS THAT CARRY RISK FOR SDB<br>818 Cleft Lip and Palate<br>Roya Sohaey, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>822 Craniosynostoses (Crouzon)<br>Kevin R. Moore, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>824 Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)<br>Kara G. Gill, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>826 Klippel-Feil Spectrum<br>Kevin R. Moore, MD and Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD<br>830 Mucopolysaccharidosis<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>831 CHARGE Syndrome<br>William T. O'Brien, Sr., DO, FAOCR and Caroline D. Robson, MBChB<br>832 Cherubism<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>SINONASAL COMPLEX ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY<br>834 Nasal Cycle, Normal Physiology<br>Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br><br>ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, SINONASAL<br>836 Deviated Nasal Septum<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>838 Concha Bullosa<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>840 Accessory Ostia<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>842 Sinus Hypoplasia/Aplasia<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>846 Nasolacrimal Duct Mucocele<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>847 Choanal Atresia<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>848 Congenital Nasal Pyriform Aperture Stenosis<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD<br>849 Nasal Glioma<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>850 Nasal Dermal Sinus<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>851 Frontoethmoidal Cephalocele<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>852 Upper Airway Infantile Hemangioma<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD<br>853 Skull Base CSF Leak<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR<br><br>INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, SINONASAL<br>854 Acute Rhinosinusitis<br>Nicholas A. Koontz, MD<br>858 Chronic Rhinosinusitis<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD<br>859 Allergic Fungal Sinusitis<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD<br>860 Odontogenic Sinusitis<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>862 Sinus Mycetoma<br>Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Christian Davidson, MD<br>863 Invasive Fungal Sinusitis<br>Nicholas A. Koontz, MD<br>864 Sinonasal Polyposis<br>Nicholas A. Koontz, MD<br>865 Solitary Sinonasal Polyp<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD<br>866 Sinonasal Mucocele<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD<br>870 Mucus Retention Pseudocyst<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>872 Sinonasal Organized Hematoma<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD<br>873 Silent Sinus Syndrome<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD<br>874 Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener)<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD<br>875 Nasal Cocaine Necrosis<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD<br>BENIGN LESIONS, SINONASAL<br>876 Sinonasal Fibrous Dysplasia<br>Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH<br>877 Sinonasal Osteoma<br>Daniel E. Meltzer, MD<br>878 Sinonasal Ossifying Fibroma<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Michelle A.<br>Michel, MD<br>879 Juvenile Angiofibroma<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>880 Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma<br>Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH<br>881 Sinonasal Hemangioma<br>Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH<br>882 Sinonasal Nerve Sheath Tumor<br>Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH<br>883 Sinonasal Benign Mixed Tumor<br>Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH<br><br>MALIGNANT LESIONS, SINONASAL<br>884 Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma<br>Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH<br>888 Esthesioneuroblastoma<br>Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH<br>889 Sinonasal Melanoma<br>Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH<br>890 Sinonasal Adenocarcinoma<br>Blair A. Winegar, MD<br>891 Sinonasal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma<br>Yoshimi Anzai, MD, MPH<br>892 Sinonasal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma<br>Blair A. Winegar, MD<br>893 Sinonasal Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma<br>Blair A. Winegar, MD<br>894 Sinonasal Chondrosarcoma<br>Blair A. Winegar, MD<br>895 Sinonasal Osteosarcoma<br>Blair A. Winegar, MD<br>896 Rhabdomyosarcoma<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD<br>897 Skull Base Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis<br>C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR<br><br>NASOPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY<br>ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, NASOPHARYNX<br>898 Tornwaldt Cyst<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR<br>899 Fossa Navicularis Magna<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Sara Strauss, MD<br>900 Persistent Craniopharyngeal Canal<br>C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR<br><br>INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, NASOPHARYNX<br>901 Suppurative Adenopathy of Retropharyngeal Space<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>902 Adenoid Vegetation/Hypertrophy<br>Husniye Demirturk, DDS, MS, PhD<br><br>BENIGN LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX<br>906 Benign Mixed Tumor of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR<br>907 Plexiform Neurofibroma of Head and Neck<br>Daniel E. Meltzer, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD<br>908 Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR<br>909 Sinus Histiocytosis (Rosai-Dorfman) of Head and Neck<br>H. Ric Harnsberger, MD and Kathryn E. Dean, MD<br>910 Invasive Pituitary Macroadenoma<br>C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR<br><br>MALIGNANT LESIONS, NASOPHARYNX<br>911 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma<br>Aparna Singhal, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD<br>912 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR<br>913 Extraosseous Chordoma<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>914 Skull Base Plasmacytoma<br>Philip R. Chapman, MD<br><br>OROPHARYNGEAL ENTITIES THAT NARROW AIRWAY<br>ANOMALIES AND CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, OROPHARYNX<br>915 Congenital Vallecular Cyst<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD<br>916 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD<br>917 Lingual Thyroid<br>Daniel E. Meltzer, MD<br><br>INFLAMMATORY CHANGES, OROPHARYNX<br>918 Retropharyngeal Space Abscess<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD<br>919 Retention Cyst of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>920 Tonsillar Inflammation<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>921 Tonsillar/Peritonsillar Abscess<br>Bernadette L. Koch, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br><br>BENIGN LESIONS, OROPHARYNX<br>922 Parotid Benign Mixed Tumor<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br>923 Carotid Space Schwannoma<br>Karen L. Salzman, MD<br>924 Parapharyngeal Space Benign Mixed Tumor<br>Aparna Singhal, MD and H. Ric Harnsberger, MD<br><br>MALIGNANT LESIONS, OROPHARYNX<br>925 Parotid Malignant Mixed Tumor<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD<br>926 Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Retropharyngeal Space<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD<br>927 Minor Salivary Gland Malignancy of Pharyngeal Mucosal Space<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Patricia A. Hudgins, MD, FACR<br>928 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of Head and Neck<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR<br>929 Base of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma<br>Aparna Singhal, MD<br>930 Palatine Tonsil Squamous Cell Carcinoma<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD<br>931 Nodal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Retropharyngeal Space<br>Bronwyn E. Hamilton, MD<br>932 Soft Palate Squamous Cell Carcinoma<br>Kathryn E. Dean, MD and Luke N. Ledbetter, MD<br>934 HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma<br>Surjith Vattoth, MD, FRCR and Philip R. Chapman, MD<br><br>SECTION 7: TMJ RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES<br>CONDYLAR POSITION<br>938 Anterior Condylar Position<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>944 Posterior Condylar Position<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>950 Superior Condylar Position<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>956 Inferior Condylar Position<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>CHANGES IN CONDYLAR AND CORONOID SIZE<br>962 Small Condyle<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>968 Large Condyle<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>972 Large Coronoid Process<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>CONDYLAR EROSION<br>974 Well-Defined Erosion<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br>980 Poorly Defined Erosion<br>David Hatcher, DDS, MSc<br><br>CHANGES IN TMJ DENSITY<br>984 TMJ Low-Density Entities<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)<br>986 TMJ High-Density Entities<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>MISCELLANEOUS<br>990 Calcifications Associated With the TMJ<br>C. Grace Petrikowski, DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>992 Soft Tissue Calcifications, Head and Neck<br>Margot L. Van Dis, DDS, MS<br><br>SECTION 8: TMJ CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES<br>RANGE OF MOTION<br>998 Limited Oral Opening<br>Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1004 Hypermobility<br>Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>SOUNDS<br>1006 Joint Sounds<br>Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1008 Tinnitus<br>C. Douglas Phillips, MD, FACR and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>OCCLUSION/SYMMETRY CHANGES<br>1014 Asymmetry<br>Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1020 Anterior Open Bite<br>Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1026 Posterior Open Bite<br>Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD, Isabel Moreno-Hay, DDS, PhD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>SECTION 9: SDB RISK FACTORS, RADIOGRAPHIC DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES<br>NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES<br>1034 Blocked Nasal Valves<br>Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1038 Large Nasal Turbinates<br>Noura Alsufyani, BDS, MSc, PhD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1042 Sinonasal Fibroosseous and Cartilaginous Lesions<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>1044 Paranasal Sinus Lesions Without Bony Destruction<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>1048 Paranasal Sinus Lesions With Bony Destruction<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>1052 Perforated Nasal Septum<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C) and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1054 Nasal Lesion Without Bony Destruction<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br>1058 Nasal Lesion With Bony Destruction<br>Axel Ruprecht, DDS, MScD, FRCD(C)<br><br>NASOPHARYNX<br>1062 Soft Tissue Entities in Nasopharynx<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>OROPHARYNX<br>1068 Soft Tissue Enlargement of Lateral Pharyngeal Wall<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1072 Soft Tissue Between Tongue and Epiglottis<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>SECTION 10: SDB RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES<br>CHANGES IN CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY AND POSITION<br>1078 Convex Facial Profile<br>Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1080 Small Maxilla<br>Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1082 Forward Head Posture<br>Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc <br><br>CHANGES IN BREATHING PATTERN<br>1084 Nasal Obstruction<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc and Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD<br><br>CHANGES IN TEETH<br>1088 Flared and Proclined Teeth<br>Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1092 Crossbite<br>Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>OTHER FACIAL CHANGES<br>1096 Dark Circles Under Eyes<br>Steve Carstensen, DDS, FAGD, FACD, FICD and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>SECTION 11: IMAGING OF TMJ PROCEDURES<br>OROFACIAL PAIN AND TMJ INJECTIONS<br>1100 TMJ Injection<br>Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA<br>1102 Trigeminal Nerve Injection<br>Donald V. La Barge, III, MD, MBA and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1106 Scalp Block for Migraines and Facial Pain<br>Daewoong Lee, MD<br>1110 Trigger Points<br>Daewoong Lee, MD and Kaan Orhan, DDS, MSc, MHM, PhD, BA<br><br>TMJ SURGERY<br>1112 Total Joint Replacement<br>Louis G. Mercuri, DDS, MS, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, FACS, and Colin J. Stanhope, DDS, MD<br>1124 TMJ Disc Replacement<br>Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc, Gary Warburton, DDS, MD, FACS, and Colin J. Stanhope, DDS, MD<br>1126 TMJ Arthroscopic Surgery Cascade<br>Reem H. Hossameldin, BDS, MSc, PhD and Joseph P. McCain, DMD<br><br>SECTION 12: IMAGING OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR SDB<br>SINONASAL PROCEDURES<br>1132 Septoplasty and Turbinate Reduction<br>Soroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1134 Adenoidectomy<br>Soroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br>1136 Tonsillectomy<br>Soroush Zaghi, MD, Chirag Govardhan, MD, and Dania Tamimi, BDS, DMSc<br><br>MAXILLARY-MANDIBULAR ADVANCEMENT<br>1138 Introduction to Orthognathic Surgery<br>Michael Gunson, DDS, MD<br>1144 LeFort 1 Osteotomy<br>Michael Gunson, DDS, MD<br>1148 Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomies<br>Michael Gunson, DDS, MD<br>1154 MMA for Obstructive Sleep Apnea<br>Michael Gunson, DDS, MD