<p>SECTION 1: NORMAL ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUES</p> <p>Normal Anatomy Overview<br>Craniovertebral Junction<br>Cervical Spine<br>Thoracic Spine<br>Lumbar Spine<br>Measurement Techniques<br>Normal Postoperative Change: Disc Space<br>Normal Postoperative Change: Epidural Space<br>Metal Artifact</p> <p>SECTION 2: DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTATION</p> <p>Devices and Instrumentation Overview<br>Plates and Screws<br>Cages<br>Subaxial Posterior Instrumentation<br>Transpedicular Screw Fixation<br>Cervical Artificial Disc<br>Lumbar Artificial Disc<br>Interspinous Spacing Devices<br>Scoliosis and Devices Instrumentation<br>Pumps and Catheters</p> <p>SECTION 3: CONGENITAL AND GENETIC DISORDERS</p> <p>BONY VARIATIONS<br>C2-C3 Fusion<br>C1 Assimilation<br>Ponticulus Posticus<br>Ossiculum Terminale<br>Paracondylar Process<br>Condylus Tertius<br>Posterior Arch Rachischisis<br>Split Atlas</p> <p>DIAGNOSES</p> <p>Odontoid Hypoplasia/Aplasia<br>C1 Dysmorphism/Hypoplastic Arch<br>Chiari 1<br>Complex Chiari<br>Chiari 2<br>Chiari 3<br>Myelomeningocele<br>Lipomyelomeningocele<br>Lipoma<br>Dorsal Dermal Sinus<br>Simple Coccygeal Dimple<br>Dermoid Cysts<br>Epidermoid Cysts<br>Tethered Spinal Cord<br>Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis<br>Caudal Regression Syndrome<br>Terminal Myelocystocele<br>Anterior Sacral Meningocele<br>Occult Intrasacral Meningocele<br>Sacrococcygeal Teratoma<br>Klippel-Feil Spectrum<br>Failure of Vertebral Formation<br>Vertebral Segmentation Failure<br>Diastematomyelia<br>Neurenteric Cyst<br>Os Odontoideum<br>Lateral Meningocele</p> <p>GENETIC</p> <p>Neurofibromatosis Type 1<br>Neurofibromatosis Type 2<br>Down Syndrome<br>Mucopolysaccharidoses<br>Achondroplasia<br>Osteogenesis Imperfecta<br>Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia</p> <p>SECTION 4: DISORDERS OF ALIGNMENT</p> <p>Introduction to Scoliosis<br>Scoliosis<br>Kyphosis<br>Degenerative Scoliosis<br>Scoliosis Instrumentation<br>Spondylolisthesis<br>Instability</p> <p>SECTION 5: TRAUMA </p> <p>VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS<br>Fracture Classification<br>Atlantooccipital Dislocation<br>Ligamentous Injury<br>Occipital Condyle Fracture<br>Jefferson C1 Fracture<br>Atlantoaxial Rotatory Fixation<br>Odontoid C2 Fracture<br>Burst C2 Fracture<br>Hangman's C2 Fracture<br>Apophyseal Ring Fracture<br>Cervical Hyperflexion Injury<br>Cervical Hyperextension Injury<br>Cervical Burst Fracture<br>Traumatic Disc Herniation<br>Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture<br>Fracture Dislocation<br>Chance Fracture<br>Anterior Compression Fracture<br>Sacral Insufficiency Fracture</p> <p>CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS</p> <p>Posttraumatic Syrinx<br>Presyrinx Edema<br>Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma<br>Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation<br>Traumatic Epidural Hematoma<br>Traumatic Subdural Hematoma</p> <p>SECTION 6: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES AND ARTHRITIDES</p> <p>DEGENERATIVE DISEASE</p> <p>Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease<br>Degenerative Disc Disease<br>Degenerative Endplate Changes<br>Disc Bulge<br>Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc<br>Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation<br>Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation<br>Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation<br>Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal<br>Cervical Facet Arthropathy<br>Lumbar Facet Arthropathy<br>Facet Joint Synovial Cyst<br>Baastrup Disease<br>Bertolotti Syndrome<br>Schmorl Node<br>Scheuermann Disease<br>Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis<br>Congenital Spinal Stenosis<br>Cervical Spondylosis<br>DISH<br>OPLL<br>Ossification Ligamentum Flavum<br>Periodontoid Pseudotumor<br>Spondylolysis</p> <p>INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES</p> <p>Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis<br>Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis<br>Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy<br>Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy<br>Ankylosing Spondylitis<br>CPPD<br>Gout</p> <p>SECTION 7: INFECTION AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS</p> <p>INFECTION</p> <p>Pathways of Spread<br>Pyogenic Osteomyelitis<br>Tuberculous Osteomyelitis<br>Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis<br>Osteomyelitis, C1-C2<br>Septic Facet Joint Arthritis<br>Paraspinal Abscess<br>Epidural Abscess<br>Abscess, Spinal Cord</p> <p>INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE</p> <p>Acute Transverse Myelopathy<br>Multiple Sclerosis<br>Neuromyelitis Optica<br>ADEM<br>Sarcoidosis<br>Grisel Syndrome<br>IgG4-Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis</p> <p>SECTION 8: NEOPLASMS, CYSTS, AND OTHER MASSES</p> <p>EXTRADURAL NEOPLASMS</p> <p>Spread of Neoplasms<br>Blastic Osseous Metastases<br>Lytic Osseous Metastases<br>Hemangioma<br>Osteoid Osteoma<br>Osteoblastoma<br>Aneurysmal Bone Cyst<br>Giant Cell Tumor<br>Osteochondroma<br>Chondrosarcoma<br>Osteosarcoma<br>Chordoma<br>Ewing Sarcoma<br>Lymphoma<br>Leukemia<br>Plasmacytoma<br>Multiple Myeloma<br>Neuroblastic Tumor</p> <p>INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY</p> <p>Schwannoma<br>Meningioma<br>Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma<br>Neurofibroma<br>Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors<br>Metastases, CSF Disseminated<br>Paraganglioma</p> <p>INTRAMEDULLARY</p> <p>Astrocytoma<br>Cellular Ependymoma<br>Myxopapillary Ependymoma<br>Hemangioblastoma<br>Spinal Cord Metastases<br>Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma</p> <p>NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS</p> <p>CYSTS<br>CSF Flow Artifact<br>Meningeal Cyst<br>Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst<br>Syringomyelia</p> <p>TUMOR MIMICS<br>Fibrous Dysplasia<br>Kümmell Disease<br>Hirayama Disease<br>Paget Disease<br>Bone Infarction<br>Extramedullary Hematopoiesis<br>Tumoral Calcinosis</p> <p>SECTION 9: VASCULAR DISORDERS</p> <p>Vascular Anatomy<br>Approach to Vascular Conditions<br>Type 1 Vascular Malformation (Dural Arteriovenous Fistula)<br>Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation<br>Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation<br>Type 4 Vascular Malformation (Arteriovenous Fistula)<br>Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula With Intraspinal Drainage<br>Cavernous Malformation<br>Spinal Artery Aneurysm<br>Spinal Cord Infarction<br>Subarachnoid Hemorrhage<br>Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma<br>Subdural Hematoma<br>Bow Hunter Syndrome<br>Vertebral Dissection<br>Carotid Dissection<br>Fibromuscular Dysplasia</p> <p>SECTION 10: COMPLICATIONS</p> <p>Complications Overview<br>Myelography Complications<br>Vertebroplasty Complications<br>Failed Back Surgery Syndrome<br>Epidural Abscess, Postop<br>Disc Space Infection<br>Meningitis<br>CSF Leakage Syndrome<br>Pseudomeningocele<br>Direct Cord Trauma<br>Vascular Injury<br>Epidural Hematoma, Spine<br>Instrumentation Failure<br>Bone Graft Complications<br>rhBMP-2 Complications<br>Heterotopic Bone Formation<br>Recurrent Disc Herniation<br>Peridural Fibrosis<br>Arachnoiditis/Adhesions<br>Arachnoiditis Ossificans<br>Accelerated Degeneration<br>Postsurgical Deformity<br>Radiation Myelopathy</p> <p>SECTION 11: REMOTE COMPLICATIONS</p> <p>Remote Complications Overview<br>Donor Site Complications<br>Deep Venous Thrombosis<br>Pulmonary Embolism<br>Aspiration Pneumonia<br>Acute Myocardial Infarction<br>Cerebral Infarction<br>Cerebellar Hemorrhage<br>Intracranial Hypotension<br>Extraaxial Hematoma, Brain<br>Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage<br>Retroperitoneal Lymphocele<br>Ophthalmic Complications<br>Esophageal Perforation<br>Acute Pancreatitis<br>Pseudomembranous Colitis (Clostridium difficile)<br>Rhabdomyolysis<br>Bowel Perforation<br>Ureteral Trauma</p> <p>SECTION 12: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS</p> <p>Basilar Invagination<br>Basilar Impression<br>Cranial Settling<br>Platybasia<br>Intrinsic Skull Base Lesion<br>Foramen Magnum Mass</p> <p>SECTION 13: PERIPHERAL NERVE AND PLEXUS</p> <p>Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy<br>Superior Sulcus Tumor<br>Thoracic Outlet Syndrome<br>Muscle Denervation<br>Brachial Plexus Traction Injury<br>Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis<br>Traumatic Neuroma<br>Radiation Plexopathy<br>Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor<br>Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis<br>Hypertrophic Neuropathy<br>Femoral Neuropathy<br>Ulnar Neuropathy<br>Suprascapular Neuropathy<br>Median Neuropathy<br>Common Peroneal Neuropathy<br>Tibial Neuropathy</p> <p>SECTION 14: IMAGE-GUIDED PROCEDURES</p> <p>CERVICAL SPINE</p> <p>Medial Branch Block, Cervical Spine<br>Facet Joint Injection, Cervical Spine<br>Selective Nerve Root Block, Cervical Spine<br>Epidural Steroid Injection, Cervical Spine</p> <p>THORACIC SPINE</p> <p>Medial Branch Block, Thoracic Spine<br>Facet Joint Injection, Thoracic Spine<br>Selective Nerve Root Block, Thoracic Spine<br>Epidural Steroid Injection, Thoracic Spine</p> <p>LUMBAR SPINE</p> <p>Medial Branch Block, Lumbar Spine<br>Facet Joint Injection, Lumbar Spine<br>Selective Nerve Root Block, Lumbar Spine<br>Epidural Steroid Injection, Lumbar Spine</p> <p>VERTEBRAL BODY</p> <p>Vertebroplasty<br>Kyphoplasty<br>Sacroplasty<br>Vertebral Biopsy</p> <p>INTERVERTEBRAL DISC</p> <p>Percutaneous Discectomy<br>Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy<br>Nucleoplasty<br>Disc Aspiration/Biopsy</p> <p>PELVIS</p> <p>Pelvis Anatomy<br>Sacroiliac Joint Injection<br>Sacral Nerve Root Block<br>Piriformis Steroid Injection<br></p>