The Anterior Cruciate Ligament

<p>Section 1: Anatomy and Genetics of ACL Injury</p> <p>1. Anatomy and Biomechanics of the ACL</p> <p>2. Genetic Influences on ACL Injury</p> <p>3. The Association Between ACL Tear and Femoro-Aceteblar Impingement</p> <p>Section 2: Mechanism, Incidence and Epidemiology of ACL Injury</p> <p>4. Mechanisms of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries</p> <p>5. Risk and Gender Factors for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury</p> <p>6. Risk of ACL injury as a function of type of Playing Surface</p> <p>7. The Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as a Function of Gender, Sport, and Injury-Reduction Programs</p> <p>8. Analysis of ACL Injury Prevention Programs for the Female Athlete</p> <p>Section 3: Diagnosis and Treatment of ACL tears</p> <p>9. Diagnosis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear</p> <p>10. MRI for the diagnosis and treatment of ACL tears </p> <p>11. Nonoperative Management of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Patients</p> <p>Section 4: Economics of ACLR</p> <p>12. The Economics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Reconstruction</p> <p>13. An Economic Analysis of ACL Tear Treatment: 1. Reconstruction versus Rehabilitation and 2. Early Reconstruction versus Rehabilitation with Optional Late Reconstruction</p> <p>Section 5: Graft Mechanical Properties</p> <p>14. The Relative Strengths of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autografts and Allografts</p> <p>15. Comparative and Morphological Analysis of Commonly Used Autografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with the Native ACL: An Electron, Microscopic and Morphologic Study</p> <p>Section 6: Graft Choices</p> <p>16. The Case for the Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft with ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>17. The Case for Hamstring ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>18. The case for Quadriceps Autograft</p> <p>19. Current Status on Synthetic Grafts</p> <p>Section 7: Graft Harvest Techniques, Preparation and Complications</p> <p>20. Hamstring Harvest Technique for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>21. Posterior Mini-Incision Hamstring Harvest Approach for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>22. Technique for Harvesting a Mid-Third Patella Tendon Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>23. The Central Quadriceps Free Tendon for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>24. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with a Quadrupled or Tripled Semitendinosus Tendon Graft</p> <p>25. 5- and 6-Strand Hamstring Tendon Graft Preparation for Single-Bundle Hamstring ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>26. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Hamstring Grafts</p> <p>27. Harvest Complications and Morbidity of Patellar Tendon Harvest for BPTB ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>28. Harvest Complications and Donor Site Morbidity: Quadriceps Grafts</p> <p>29. Chemical sterilization techniques for Allograft preparation for ACLR</p> <p>30. Radiation Sterilization techniques for Allograft preparation for ACLR</p> <p>31. Hamstring Regeneration Following Harvest for ACL Reconstruction: A Review of the Current Literature</p> <p>32. Regeneration of the Donor Site After Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Graft Harvest for ACL Reconstruction, and Possible Enhanced Regeneration Using Platelet Rich Plasma</p> <p>Section 8: Reconstruction Techniques</p> <p>33. Pearls for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>34. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Hamstrings in Press-Fit Technique Without Hardware</p> <p>35. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Quadriceps Tendon Autograft</p> <p>36. Three Portal Technique for Anatomic Single-Bundle ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>37. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Procedure Using the Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendons</p> <p>38. Anatomical Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with a Semitendinosus Hamstring Tendon Graft</p> <p>39. Anatomic Double-Bundle Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament</p> <p>40. Augmented Grafts: Synthetic/Allograft/Autograft</p> <p>41. A Systematic Review of Single vs Double Bundle Results</p> <p>Section 9: Principles of Tunnel Formation</p> <p>42. Trans Tibial Tunnel Drilling of the Femoral Tunnel for Anatomic Single Bundle ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>43. The Anteromedial Portal for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>44. Intraoperative Fluoroscopy for ACL Tunnel Placement</p> <p>45. ACL All-Inside Retroconstruction: Single- and Double-Bundle Techniques </p> <p>46. SwitchCut all inside tunnel formation</p> <p>47. Use of the Pinpoint Guide System for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>48. Femoral Tunnel Placement to Restore Normal Knee Laxity After ACL Reconstrution</p> <p>49. A Description of the Direct Femoral Attachment of the ACL: Implication for Femoral Tunnel Placement in Reconstruction</p> <p>50. Use of Versitomic Flexible Reamer System for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>Section 10: Control of Pain in ACLR</p> <p>51. Risks and Benefits of Femoral Nerve Block for ACLR</p> <p>52. Saphenous Nerve Block for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>53. Efficacy of Cryotherapy for postoperative ACL Reconstruction Analgesia</p> <p>54. Chondrolysis: Risk Benefit Analysis of "Caine" Local Anesthetics for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>55. Use of Preoperative Gabapentin for Postoperative Pain Relief After ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>56. Obturator and Sciatica Nerve Block for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>Section 11: Additional Surgical Considerations</p> <p>57. Notch Anatomy and Notchplasty</p> <p>58. Computer-Assisted Navigation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>59. Sparing the ACL Remnant: Is it worth the hassle?</p> <p>60. Graft Tensioning in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>61. The Use of CO2 instead of fluid in Arthroscopic ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>Section 12: Fixation Biomechanics</p> <p>62. Intratunnel ACL Graft Fixation</p> <p>63. Biomechanical Considerations of Suspensory Cortical Fixation Devices</p> <p>Section 13: Soft-Tissue Graft Cortical Fixation</p> <p>64. Endobutton Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Femoral Fixation</p> <p>65. Cortical Screw Post Femoral Fixation Using Whipstitches, Fabric Loop or Endobutton: the Universal Salvage</p> <p>66. Arthrex Tightrope Fixation of a Soft Tissue Graft</p> <p>67. RigidLoop Femoral Fixation Techniques</p> <p>68. MedShape Exo Shape Fixation</p> <p>69. Biomet ToggleLoc</p> <p>70. EZLoc : Optimizing Femoral Fixation for Soft Tissue Graft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>Section 14: Soft-Tissue Graft Interference Screw Fixation</p> <p>71. Hamstring Tendon Interference Screw Fixation</p> <p>72. Cayenne Aperfix Fixation </p> <p>73. Milagro Advance (Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate, Poly Lactide Co-Glycolide Biocomposite) Interference Screw for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>74. Hamstring ACL Reconstruction with BioIntraFix Femoral Fastener</p> <p>75. ComposiTCP Fixation</p> <p>76. Bioabsorbable Versus Metal Interference Screws: Adverse Events and Clinical Results</p> <p>77. Use of TunneLoc for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>78. Improving Biodegradable Interference Screw Properties by Combining Polymers</p> <p>Section 15: Soft-Tissue Graft Tibial Fixation</p> <p>79. Whipstitch-Post Tibial Fixaton for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>80. WasherLoc: Optimizing Tibial Fixation of Soft Tissue Grafts used for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>81. Hamstring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with INTRAFIX and BioINTRAFIX Tibial Fastener Systems</p> <p>Section 16: BTB Graft Fixation</p> <p>82. Interference Screw Fixation in Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>83. Use of the Tightrope BTB for ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>84. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using a Mini-Arthrotomy Technique with Either an Ipsilateral or a Contralateral Autogenous Patellar Tendon Graft</p> <p>85. ACL Reconstruction using ENDOBUTTON CL BTB Fixation System: For both Antero-Medial and Transtibial Reaming of the Femoral Tunnel</p> <p>Section 17: Graft Healing and Ligamentization</p> <p>86. Graft Remodeling and Ligamentization After ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>87. Graft-tunnel healing</p> <p>88. Graft Length in the Tunnel in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction </p> <p>Section 18: Revision ACLR</p> <p>89. Revision ACL Reconstruction Using Autologous Hamstring Tendons</p> <p>90. Hamstring Four to Six Strand Double Bundle Graft for Revision or High Risk Primary ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>91. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Autograft</p> <p>92. Revision ACL Reconstruction: Management of Femoral Tunnel Malposition</p> <p>93. Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction – the MARS Study</p> <p>Section 19: ACLR in Skeletally Immature Patients</p> <p>94. Techniques and Complications of Transphyseal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Skeletally Immature Patient</p> <p>95. An Overview of the Diagnosis and Treatment of the Torn ACL in the Skeletally Immature Athlete</p> <p>96. Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment and Timing of Surgery in Skeletally Immature Patients with ACL Tear</p> <p>Section 20: ACL Partial Tears</p> <p>97. Partial Tear of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Management with One Bundle Augmentation Technique</p> <p>98. Acute ACL Rupture: A Biological Approach Through Primary ACL Repair; Augmentation with Bone Marrow Stimulation; Growth Factor Injection</p> <p>99. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction of Partial Tears: Isolated Single Bundle Reconstruction</p> <p>100. Sonographically Guided Anterior Cruciate (ACL) Injection: Technique and Potential Use for the Treatment of Partial ACL Tear</p> <p>Section 21: Associated Injuries of the Bone, Ligament, Meniscus, Cartilage and Nerve</p> <p>101. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Combined with Medial Collateral Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, and/or Lateral Collateral Ligament Injury</p> <p>102. Treatment of Meniscus Tears with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction</p> <p>103. Meniscal repair with ACLR</p> <p>104. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Combined with High-Tibial Osteotomy, Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, Microfracture, Osteochondral, and/or Meniscal Allograft Transplantation</p> <p>105. ACL-Deficiency in the Varus-Angulated Knee: Diagnosis, Surgical Techniques, Clinical Outcomes</p> <p>106. W6: The Treatment of Combined Posterolateral Knee Injures and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears</p> <p>107. ACLR Related Bone Contusions: Association with Intrarticular Injury, Pain and Outcomes</p> <p>108. Ganglion Cyst</p> <p>Section 22: ACLR and UKA</p> <p>109. Indications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in ACL Deficient Patients undergoing Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty</p> <p>110. Techniques for Combined ACLR and UKA</p> <p>Section 23: Rehabilitation</p> <p>111. ACL Strain Behavior During Rehabilitation Exercises</p> <p>112. Principles of ACL Rehabilitation</p> <p>113. The Stability-Conservative ACL Reconstruction Rehabilitation Protocol</p> <p>114. Proprioception and ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>115. Functional Bracing for ACL Injuries: Current State and Future Direction</p> <p>116. Prehabilitation Before ACLR</p> <p>Section 24: Outcomes After ACLR</p> <p>117. Stability Results After ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>118. Health Related Quality of Life After ACLR</p> <p>119. Allografts Have Higher Failure Rates Than Autografts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Young, Active Patients</p> <p>120. Factors Associated With the Increased Allograft Failure Rate In ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>121. Are Articular Cartilage Lesions and Meniscus Tears Predictive of IKDC, KOOS, and Marx Activity Level Outcomes After ACLR</p> <p>122. Arthrosis Following ACL Tear and Reconstruction </p> <p>123. Criteria for Return to Sports After ACLR</p> <p>124. A comparison of the Standardized Rating Forms for Evaluation of ACL Injured or Reconstructed Patients</p> <p>Section 25: Patient Factors that Contribute to Success or Failure</p> <p>125. ACLR Outcomes as a Function of Age</p> <p>126. BMI and Weight Effects on the Results of ACLR</p> <p>127. The Effects of Smoking on ACLR Outcomes</p> <p>128. Psychological Predictors of ACLR Outcomes</p> <p>Section 26: Return to Sports</p> <p>129. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients with Hereditary Abnormalities Involving Connective Tissue </p> <p>130. Performance and Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Skiers and Snowboarders</p> <p>131. Return to play and future ACL Injury Risk After ACL reconstruction in Soccer Players</p> <p>132. Return to American Football After ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>Section 27: Complications </p> <p>133. Infections in ACL Surgery</p> <p>134. Osteoporosis After ACL Reconstruction?</p> <p>135. Tunnel Widening After ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>136. Numbness/Saphenous Nerve</p> <p>137. Hardware Complications After ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>138. Vascular Complications After ACL Reconstruction and DVT prophylaxis</p> <p>139. Fracture Complications After ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>140. Anterior Knee Problems After ACL Reconstruction</p> <p>141. Stiffness: Prevention and Treatment</p> <p>142. Treatment of Tibial Eminence Fractures: A Systematic Review</p> <p>Section 28: Gait Analysis and ExtraArticular Reconstruction</p> <p>143. Gait Analysis in ACL Deficient and Reconstructed Knees</p> <p>144. Extra-Articular Tenodesis and ACL Recontruction: Techniques and Outcomes</p> <p>Section 29: Tissue Engineering and the Future</p> <p>145. Growth Factors and Other New Methods for Graft-Healing Enhancement</p> <p>146. The Future Possibilities of Biologic ACLR</p>