Chemical Triggering

1. Triggered Release of Gases.- 1.1. Processes Utilizing the Triggered Release of Gases.- 1.1.1. Applications within Imaging Science.- 1.1.1.1. Forming Images.- 1.1.1.2. Stabilizing Images.- 1.1.2. Applications within Polymer Science.- 1.2. Chemical Reactions for the Release of Gases.- 1.2.1. Thermally Triggered Release.- 1.2.1.1. Carbon Dioxide from Carboxylic Acids.- 1.2.1.2. Carbon Dioxide from Four-Membered Lactones.- 1.2.1.3. Carbon Dioxide from Bicyclic Lactones.- 1.2.1.4. Carbon Dioxide from Heterocycles.- 1.2.1.5. Carbon Monoxide from Ketones.- 1.2.1.6. Carbon Monoxide from Bicyclic Adducts.- 1.2.1.7. Sulfur Monoxide from Heterocycles.- 1.2.1.8. Sulfur Dioxide from Three-Membered Heterocycles.- 1.2.1.9. Sulfur Dioxide from Five-Membered Heterocycles.- 1.2.1.10. Sulfur Dioxide from Large Heterocycles.- 1.2.1.11. Sulfur Dioxide from Open-Chain Sulfones.- 1.2.1.12. Nitrogen from Azoalkanes.- 1.2.1.13. Nitrogen from Diazo Heterocycles.- 1.2.1.14. Nitrogen from Triazo Heterocycles.- 1.2.1.15. Nitrogen from Tetrazo Heterocycles.- 1.2.1.16. Nitrogen from Azides and Diazomethanes.- 1.2.1.17. Nitrogen from Diazonium Salts and N- Nitroso Compounds.- 1.2.1.18. Nitrogen from Miscellaneous Compounds.- 1.2.1.19. Carbonyl Sulfide from Xanthates.- 1.2.1.20. Oxygen from Endoperoxides.- 1.2.2. Photochemically Triggered Release.- 1.2.2.1. Carbon Dioxide from Heterocycles and Cyclic Peroxides.- 1.2.2.2. Carbon Monoxide from Bicyclic Adducts and Heterocycles.- 1.2.2.3. Carbon Monoxide from Cyclic Ketones.- 1.2.2.4. Sulfur Dioxide from Sulfonyloxy Compounds.- 1.2.2.5. Nitrogen from Azoalkanes.- 1. 2.2.6. Nitrogen from Diazonium Salts.- 1. 2.2.7. Nitrogen from Azides and Heterocycles.- 1.2.3. Electrochemically Triggered Release of Carbon Dioxide.- 1.2.4. Ultrasonic-Wave Triggered Release of Gases.- References.- 2. Triggered Release of Acids, Bases, Radicals, Nitrenes, and Carbenes.- 2.1. Processes Utilizing the Triggered Release of Acids, Bases, and Radicals.- 2.2. Chemical Reactions for the Release of Acids, Bases, Radicals, Nitrenes, and Carbenes.- 2.2.1. Thermally Triggered Release.- 2.2.1.1. Carboxylic Acids from Esters and Oxime Derivatives.- 2.2.1.2. Nitric Acid Derivatives from Nitroalkyl Derivatives.- 2.2.1.3. Ammonia and Amines from Amide Derivatives.- 2.2.1.4. Ammonia from Urea Derivatives.- 2.2.1.5. Radicals from Peroxide and Azo Derivatives.- 2.2.1.6. Nitrenes and Carbenes from Azide and Diazo Derivatives.- 2.2.2. Photochemically Triggered Release.- 2.2.2.1. Lewis Acids from Diazonium Salts.- 2.2.2.2. Brønsted Acids from Iodonium, Sulfonium, and Selenium Salts.- 2.2.2.3. Brønsted Acids from Nitrophenyl Phosphate and Sulfate Esters.- 2.2.2.4. Brønsted Acids from Intramolecular Cyclization.- 2.2.2.5. Carboxylic Acids from Benzyl Esters.- 2.2.2.6. Carboxylic Acids from Phenacyl, Sulfenyl, and Benzoin Esters.- 2.2.2.7. Carboxylic Acids from Amide Derivatives.- 2.2.2.8. Carboxylic Acids from Quinone Diazides, Aryl Azides, and Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds.- 2.2.2.9. Amines from Nitrobenzyl, Benzyloxycarbonyl, Phenyloxycarbonyl, Phenacyl, and Sulfonamide Derivatives.- 2.2.2.10. Nitrenes from Azide Derivatives.- 2.2.2.11. Carbenes from Diazo Derivatives.- 2.2.2.12. Radicals from Onium Salts and Other Compounds.- 2.2.3. Electrochemically Triggered Release.- 2.2.3.1. Acids and Bases from Ester and Amine Derivatives.- References.- 3. Triggered Release of Other Monomeric Species.- 3.1. Processes Utilizing the Triggered Release of Monomeric Species.- 3.2. Chemical Reactions for the Release of Monomeric Species.- 3.2.1. Thermally Triggered Release.- 3.2.1.1. Olefins from Esters, Ethers, Lactones, and Amine Oxides.- 3.2.1.2. Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Diazonium Salts, Aryl Ethers, Heterocycles, Peroxides, and Azo Alkanes.- 3.2.1.3. Heterocycles from Other Heterocycles.- 3.2.1.4. Other Small Molecules from Heterocycles, Phenols, Amides, and Ketones.- 3.2.2. Photochemically Triggered Release.- 3.2.2.1. Olefins from Electrocyclic Reactions.- 3.2.2.2. Aromatic and Aliphatic Compounds from Diazonium Salts and Ketones.- 3.2.2.3. Phenol and Its Derivatives from Ethers and Esters.- 3.2.2.4. Alcohols from Amides, Esters, Ketones, and Azide Derivatives.- 3.2.2.5. Ketones from Silyl Ethers, Ketals, and Thioketal Derivatives.- 3.2.2.6. Heterocycles from Other Heterocycles, Aryl Ketones, and Nitrone Derivatives.- 3.2.3. Electrochemically Triggered Release.- References.- 4. Triggered Reactions of Polymers.- 4.1. Processes Utilizing the Triggered Reactions of Polymers.- 4.2. Chemical Reactions for the Release of Modified Polymers and Monomers.- 4.2.1. Thermally Triggered Release.- 4.2.1.1. Polyimides from Polyamides.- 4.2.1.2. Polyheterocycles from Polyoximes, Polyhydrazides, and Their Derivatives.- 4.2.1.3. Macro Radicals from Polyperoxides.- 4.2.1.4. Macro Radicals from Azo Polymers.- 4.2.1.5. Monomers from the Depolymerization of Polymers.- 4.2.1.6. Polymers with Reactive Pendant Groups from Protected Derivatives.- 4.2.2. Photochemically Triggered Release.- 4.2.2.1. Crosslinked Polymers via Intermolecular Addition.- 4.2.2.2. Polymers via Polymeric Rearrangements.- 4.2.2.3. Polymeric Fragments via Molecular Fragmentation.- 4.2.2.4. Photochromic Polymers.- References.- 5. Triggered Isomerization and Color Change.- 5.1. Processes Utilizing Triggered Isomerization and Color Change.- 5.1.1. Imaging Science.- 5.1.2. Polymer Science.- 5.2. Chemical Reactions for Color Change.- 5.2.1. Thermally Triggered Release.- 5.2.1.1. Thermochromic Spiropyrans.- 5.2.1.2. Thermochromic Ethylenic Compounds.- 5.2.1.3. Thermochromic Disulfide Derivatives.- 5.2.1.4. Miscellaneous Thermochromic Compounds.- 5.2.1.5. Isomerization about Aliphatic and Aromatic C,C-Double Bonds.- 5.2.1.6. Isomerization about C,N- and N,N-Double Bonds.- 5.2.1.7. Thermally Irreversible Color Change.- 5.2.2. Photochemically Triggered Release.- 5.2.2.1. Photochromic Anils or Schiff’s Bases.- 5.2.2.2. Photochromic Arylhydrazones.- 5.2.2.3. Photochromic Osazones and Semicarbazones.- 5.2.2.4. Photochromic Stilbene and Thiosulfonate Derivatives.- 5.2.2.5. Fulgides and Azo Dye Derivatives.- 5.2.2.6. Photochromic Indigo Dyes.- 5.2.2.7. Photochromic Triphenylmethane and Camphor Derivatives.- 5.2.2.8. Photochromic o-Nitrobenzyl Derivatives.- 5.2.2.9. Photochromic Spiro Compounds.- 5.2.2.10. Photochromic Anthrones and Sydnones.- 5.2.2.11. Other Photochromic Compounds.- 5.2.2.12. Photo-isomerization about Aromatic C,C-Double Bonds.- 5.2.2.13. Photo-isomerization about C,N- and N,N-Double Bonds.- 5.2.2.14. Photochemically Irreversible Color Change.- References.