<p style="MARGIN: 0px">Preface </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0 The Sounds of English</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.1 Phonetic Symbols</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.2 The Vocal Tract</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.3 English Consonants</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.4 English Vowels</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">0.5 Transcription </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1 English Present and Future </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">1.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2 The Indo-European Family of Languages </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.2 Grimm’s Law (§14) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.3 The Indo-European Family (§§15–24) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">2.4 The Indo-Europeans (§26) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3 Old English </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.2 Old English Consonants (§38) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.3 Old English Vowels (§38) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.4 Old English Suprasegmentals </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.5 Old English Cases (§40) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.6 Old English Nouns (§§41–42) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.7 Nouns in Sentences (§41) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.8 Old English Adjectives (§43) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.9 Old English Pronouns (§45) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.10 Old English Strong Verbs (§46) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.11 Old English Syntax and Meter (§51) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">3.12 The Language Illustrated (§47) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Ælfric, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">West Saxon Gospels, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Ohthere’s Voyage, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4 Foreign Influences on Old English </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.2 Dating Latin Loanwords through Sound Changes (§57) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">i-Umlaut, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Breaking, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">4.3 Scandinavian Loanwords (§§72, 75–76) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5 The Norman Conquest and the Subjection of English, 1066–1200 </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">5.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6 The Reestablishment of English, 1200–1500 </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">6.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7 Middle English </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.2 From Old to Middle English: Vowels (§112) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.2.1 Changes in the Old English Vowels, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.2.2 Formation of New Diphthongs, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.2.3 Lengthening and Shortening, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.3 From Old to Middle English: Consonants (§112) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.4 From Old English to Middle English: Vowel Reduction, Morphology,</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">and Syntax in the Peterborough Chronicle (§§113, 123) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.5 Chaucer’s Pronunciation </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.6 Middle English Nouns (§114) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.7 Middle English Adjectives (§115) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.8 Middle English Personal Pronouns (§116) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.9 Strong and Weak Verbs in Middle English (§§117–121) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.10 Middle English Verbal Inflections (§117) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.11 Middle English Dialects (§148 and Appendix A) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.12 A Middle English Manuscript </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">7.13 The Language Illustrated</p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">The Wycliffe Bible, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Chaucer, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8 The Renaissance, 1500–1650 </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.2 The Great Vowel Shift (§154) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.3 Dictionaries of Hard Words (§174) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.4 Shakespeare’s Pronunciation (§177) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.5 Nouns (§180) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.6 Adjectives (§181) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.7 Pronouns (§182) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.8 Prepositions (§184) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.9 Strong and Weak Verbs (§183) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.10 Questions, Negatives, and the Auxiliary Do (§183) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">8.11 The Language Illustrated </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">King James Bible, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Shakespeare, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9 The Appeal to Authority, 1650–1800 </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.2 Johnson’s Dictionary (§197) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">9.3 Universal Grammar (§198) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10 The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.2 Self-Explaining Compounds (§217) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.3 Coinages (§220) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.4 Slang (§225) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.5 English World-Wide (§229) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.6 Pidgins and Creoles (§230) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.7 Gender Issues and Pronominal Change (§233) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">10.8 The Language Illustrated (§§228–229) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Geordie, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Scots, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Jamaican English, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">English in Asia and Africa, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11 The English Language in America </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.1 Questions for Review </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.2 The American Dialects (§250) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.3 African American Vernacular English: Phonology (§250) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.4 African American Vernacular English: Grammar (§250) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.5 Present Differentiation of Vocabulary (§253) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.6 Dictionary of American Regional English, DARE (§255) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">11.7 The Language Illustrated (§250) </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Appalachian English, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">African American Vernacular English, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">Hawaiian English, </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12 The Twenty-First Century </p> <p style="MARGIN: 0px">12.1 Questions for Review </p>