Campbell Essential Biology

<h2>Table of Contents</h2> <div class="c-section-headers-non-traditional-number-list_container"> <ol> <li>Learning About Life <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Swimming with the Turtles</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY A Passion for Life</li> <li>The Scientific Study of Life</li> <li>An Overview of the Process of Science</li> <li>Hypotheses, Theories, and Facts</li> <li>Controlled Experiments</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do Baby Turtles Swim?</li> <li>Evaluating Scientific Claims</li> <li>The Properties of Life </li> <li>Major Themes in Biology</li> <li>The Relationship of Structure to Function</li> <li>Information Flow</li> <li>Pathways That Transform Energy and Matter </li> <li>Interactions within Biological Systems</li> <li>Evolution</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION Turtles in the Tree of Life </li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>UNIT 1 CELLS</h3> <ol start="2"> <li>Essential Chemistry for Biology <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Helpful Radiation</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Nuclear Medicine</li> <li>Some Basic Chemistry</li> <li>Matter: Elements and Compounds</li> <li>Atoms </li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE How Effective Is Radiation in Treating Prostate Cancer? </li> <li>Chemical Bonding and Molecules</li> <li>Chemical Reactions</li> <li>Water and Life </li> <li>Water</li> <li>Acids, Bases, and pH</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock</li> </ul></li> <li>The Molecules of Life <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Lactose Intolerance</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Got Lactose? </li> <li>Organic Compounds</li> <li>Carbon Chemistry</li> <li>Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks</li> <li>Large Biological Molecules</li> <li>Carbohydrates </li> <li>Lipids</li> <li>Proteins</li> <li>Nucleic Acids</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis?</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans</li> </ul></li> <li>A Tour of the Cell <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Humans Versus Bacteria</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial Cells</li> <li>The Microscopic World of Cells</li> <li>The Two Major Categories of Cells</li> <li>An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells</li> <li>Membrane Structure</li> <li>The Plasma Membrane</li> <li>Cell Surfaces</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE How Was the First 21st-Century Antibiotic Discovered? </li> <li>The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the Cell</li> <li>The Nucleus</li> <li>Ribosomes</li> <li>How DNA Directs Protein Production</li> <li>The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products</li> <li>The Endoplasmic Reticulum</li> <li>The Golgi Apparatus</li> <li>Lysosomes</li> <li>Vacuoles</li> <li>Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Providing Cellular Energy</li> <li>Chloroplasts</li> <li>Mitochondria</li> <li>The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and Movement </li> <li>Maintaining Cell Shape</li> <li>Flagella and Cilia</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans</li> </ul></li> <li>The Working Cell <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Nanotechnology</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Harnessing Cellular Structures</li> <li>Some Basic Energy Concepts </li> <li>Conservation of Energy</li> <li>Heat</li> <li>Chemical Energy</li> <li>Food Calories</li> <li>ATP and Cellular Work</li> <li>The Structure of ATP</li> <li>Phosphate Transfer</li> <li>The ATP Cycle</li> <li>Enzymes</li> <li>Activation Energy</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Enzymes Be Engineered?</li> <li>Enzyme Activity</li> <li>Enzyme Inhibitors</li> <li>Membrane Function</li> <li>Passive Transport: Diffusion across Membranes</li> <li>Osmosis and Water Balance</li> <li>Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across Membranes</li> <li>Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Origin of Membranes</li> </ul></li> <li>Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Exercise Science</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Getting the Most Out of Your Muscles</li> <li>Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere </li> <li>Producers and Consumers</li> <li>Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration</li> <li>Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy</li> <li>An Overview of Cellular Respiration</li> <li>The Three Stages of Cellular Respiration</li> <li>The Results of Cellular Respiration</li> <li>Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy</li> <li>Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells </li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn?</li> <li>Fermentation in Microorganisms</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Importance of Oxygen</li> </ul></li> <li>Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Solar Energy</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY A Solar Revolution</li> <li>The Basics of Photosynthesis </li> <li>Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis </li> <li>An Overview of Photosynthesis</li> <li>The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy</li> <li>The Nature of Sunlight</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Colors of Light Drive Photosynthesis?</li> <li>Chloroplast Pigments</li> <li>How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy</li> <li>How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH</li> <li>The Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon Dioxide</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION Creating a Better Biofuel Factory </li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>UNIT 2 GENETICS</h3> <ol start="8"> <li>Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Life with and without Sex</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Virgin Birth of a Shark</li> <li>What Cell Reproduction Accomplishes</li> <li>The Cell Cycle and Mitosis</li> <li>Eukaryotic Chromosomes</li> <li>Duplicating Chromosomes</li> <li>The Cell Cycle </li> <li>Mitosis and Cytokinesis</li> <li>Cancer Cells: Dividing Out of Control</li> <li>Meiosis, the Basis of Sexual Reproduction</li> <li>Homologous Chromosomes</li> <li>Gametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual Organism</li> <li>The Process of Meiosis</li> <li>Review: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis</li> <li>The Origins of Genetic Variation</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do All Animals Have Sex?</li> <li>When Meiosis Goes Wrong</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Advantages of Sex</li> </ul></li> <li>Patterns of Inheritance <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Dog Breeding</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Darwin’s Dogs</li> <li>Genetics and Heredity </li> <li>In an Abbey Garden</li> <li>Mendel’s Law of Segregation </li> <li>Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment</li> <li>Using a Testcross to Determine an Unknown Genotype</li> <li>The Rules of Probability</li> <li>Family Pedigrees</li> <li>Human Traits Controlled by a Single Gene</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Is the Genetic Basis of Short Legs in Dogs?</li> <li>Variations on Mendel’s Laws </li> <li>Incomplete Dominance in Plants and People</li> <li>ABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and Codominance</li> <li>Pleiotropy and Sickle-Cell Disease</li> <li>Polygenic Inheritance</li> <li>Epigenetics and the Role of Environment</li> <li>The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance</li> <li>Linked Genes</li> <li>Sex Determination in Humans </li> <li>Sex-Linked Genes</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree</li> </ul></li> <li>The Structure and Function of DNA <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Deadly Viruses</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Global Threat of Zika Virus</li> <li>DNA: Structure and Replication</li> <li>DNA and RNA Structure</li> <li>Watson and Crick’s Discovery of the Double Helix</li> <li>DNA Replication</li> <li>From DNA to RNA to Protein</li> <li>How an Organism’s Genotype Determines Its Phenotype</li> <li>From Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An Overview</li> <li>The Genetic Code</li> <li>Transcription: From DNA to RNA</li> <li>The Processing of Eukaryotic RNA</li> <li>Translation: The Players</li> <li>Translation: The Process</li> <li>Review: DNA S RNA S Protein</li> <li>Mutations</li> <li>Viruses and Other Noncellular Infectious Agents</li> <li>Bacteriophages</li> <li>Plant Viruses</li> <li>Animal Viruses</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can DNA and RNA Vaccines Protect Against Viruses? </li> <li>HIV, the AIDS Virus </li> <li>Prions</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION Emerging Viruses </li> </ul></li> <li>How Genes Are Controlled <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Cancer </li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Breast Cancer and Chemotherapy</li> <li>How and Why Genes Are Regulated</li> <li>Gene Regulation in Bacteria</li> <li>Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells</li> <li>Cell Signaling</li> <li>Homeotic Genes</li> <li>Visualizing Gene Expression</li> <li>Cloning Plants and Animals</li> <li>The Genetic Potential of Cells </li> <li>Reproductive Cloning of Animals</li> <li>Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cells</li> <li>The Genetic Basis of Cancer</li> <li>Genes That Cause Cancer</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Can Avatars Improve Cancer Treatment? </li> <li>Cancer Risk and Prevention</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Evolution of Cancer in the Body</li> </ul></li> <li>DNA Technology <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>DNA Profiling</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Using DNA to Establish Guilt and Innocence</li> <li>Genetic Engineering</li> <li>Recombinant DNA Techniques</li> <li>Gene Editing</li> <li>Medical Applications</li> <li>Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture</li> <li>Human Gene Therapy </li> <li>DNA Profiling and Forensic Science</li> <li>DNA Profiling Techniques</li> <li>Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA</li> <li>Bioinformatics </li> <li>DNA Sequencing</li> <li>Genomics</li> <li>Genome-Mapping Techniques</li> <li>The Human Genome</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Did Nic Have a Deadly Gene?</li> <li>Applied Genomics</li> <li>Systems Biology</li> <li>Safety and Ethical Issues</li> <li>The Controversy over Genetically Modified Foods</li> <li>Ethical Questions Raised by Human DNA Technologies</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Y Chromosome as a Window on History</li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>UNIT 3 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY</h3> <ol start="13"> <li>How Populations Evolve <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Evolution in Action</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Mosquitoes and Evolution</li> <li>The Diversity of Life</li> <li>Naming and Classifying the Diversity of Life </li> <li>Explaining the Diversity of Life</li> <li>Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species</li> <li>Darwin’s Journey</li> <li>Darwin’s Theory</li> <li>Evidence of Evolution </li> <li>Evidence from Fossils </li> <li>Evidence from Homologies</li> <li>Evolutionary Trees</li> <li>Natural Selection as the Mechanism for Evolution</li> <li>Natural Selection in Action</li> <li>Key Points about Natural Selection</li> <li>The Evolution of Populations</li> <li>Sources of Genetic Variation</li> <li>Populations as the Units of Evolution </li> <li>Analyzing Gene Pools </li> <li>Population Genetics and Health Science</li> <li>Microevolution as Change in a Gene Pool</li> <li>Mechanisms of Evolution</li> <li>Natural Selection</li> <li>Genetic Drift</li> <li>Gene Flow</li> <li>Natural Selection: A Closer Look</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Did Natural Selection Shape the Beaks of Darwin’s Finches?</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance</li> </ul></li> <li>How Biological Diversity Evolves <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Evolution in the Human-Dominated World</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Humanity’s Footprint</li> <li>The Origin of Species </li> <li>What Is a Species?</li> <li>Reproductive Barriers between Species</li> <li>Mechanisms of Speciation</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Do Human Activities Facilitate Speciation?</li> <li>Earth History and Macroevolution</li> <li>The Fossil Record</li> <li>Plate Tectonics and Biogeography</li> <li>Mass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of Life</li> <li>Mechanisms of Macroevolution</li> <li>Large Effects from Small Genetic Changes</li> <li>The Evolution of Biological Novelty</li> <li>Classifying the Diversity of Life</li> <li>Classification and Phylogeny</li> <li>Classification: A Work in Progress</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION Evolution in the Anthropocene</li> </ul></li> <li>The Evolution of Microbial Life <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Human Microbiota</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Our Invisible Inhabitants</li> <li>Major Episodes in the History of Life </li> <li>The Origin of Life</li> <li>A Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of Life</li> <li>From Chemical Evolution to Darwinian Evolution</li> <li>Prokaryotes</li> <li>They’re Everywhere!</li> <li>The Structure and Function of Prokaryotes</li> <li>The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes </li> <li>The Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and Archaea</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity?</li> <li>Protists</li> <li>Protozoans</li> <li>Slime Molds</li> <li>Unicellular and Colonial Algae</li> <li>Seaweeds</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans</li> </ul></li> <li>The Evolution of Plants and Fungi <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Plant-Fungus Interactions</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY The Diamond of the Kitchen </li> <li>Colonizing Land</li> <li>Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants</li> <li>The Origin of Plants from Green Algae</li> <li>Plant Diversity </li> <li>Highlights of Plant Evolution</li> <li>Bryophytes</li> <li>Ferns</li> <li>Gymnosperms </li> <li>Angiosperms</li> <li>Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource</li> <li>Fungi</li> <li>Characteristics of Fungi</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Killed the Pines?</li> <li>The Ecological Impact of Fungi</li> <li>Commercial Uses of Fungi</li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION A Pioneering Partnership </li> </ul></li> <li>The Evolution of Animals <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Human Evolution</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Evolving Adaptability</li> <li>The Origins of Animal Diversity</li> <li>What Is an Animal?</li> <li>Early Animals and the Cambrian Explosion</li> <li>Animal Phylogeny</li> <li>Major Invertebrate Phyla</li> <li>Sponges</li> <li>Cnidarians</li> <li>Molluscs</li> <li>Flatworms</li> <li>Annelids</li> <li>Roundworms</li> <li>Arthropods</li> <li>Echinoderms</li> <li>Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity</li> <li>Characteristics of Chordates</li> <li>Fishes</li> <li>Amphibians</li> <li>Reptiles</li> <li>Mammals</li> <li>The Human Ancestry</li> <li>The Evolution of Primates</li> <li>The Emergence of Humankind</li> <li>THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Can Lice Tell Us About Ancient Humans? </li> <li>EVOLUTION CONNECTION Are We Still Evolving?</li> </ul></li> </ol> <h3>UNIT 4 ECOLOGY</h3> <ol start="18"> <li>An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere <ul> <li>CHAPTER THREAD</li> <li>Climate Change</li> <li>BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in Peril</li> <li>An Overview of Ecology</li> </ul></li> </ol> </div>