Biomaterials

<p>Chapter 1: Materials for Biomedical Applications 1-1</p> <p>1.1. Introduction to biomaterials 1-2</p> <p>1.2. Biological response to biomaterials 1-8</p> <p>1.3. Biomaterial product testing and FDA approval 1-10</p> <p>1.4. Types of biomaterials 1-11</p> <p>1.5. Processing of biomaterials 1-15</p> <p>1.6. Important properties of biomaterials 1-16</p> <p>1.7. Principles of chemistry 1-21</p> <p>1.8. Summary 1-35</p> <p>1.9. Problems 1-37</p> <p>1.10. Tables 1-39</p> <p>1.11. Figures 1-44</p> <p>1.12. References 1-70</p> <p>1.13. Additional reading 1-72</p> <p>Chapter 2: Chemical Structure of Biomaterials 2-1</p> <p>2.1. Introduction: Bonding and the structure of biomaterials 2-2</p> <p>2.2. Structure of Metals 2-2</p> <p>2.3. Structure of Ceramics 2-18</p> <p>2.4. Structure of polymers 2-24</p> <p>2.5. Techniques: Introduction to material characterization 2-41</p> <p>2.6. Summary 2-62</p> <p>2.7. Problems 2-64</p> <p>2.8. Tables 2-69</p> <p>2.9. Figures 2-79</p> <p>2.10. References 2-148</p> <p>2.11. Additional reading 2-149</p> <p>Chapter 3: Physical Properties of Biomaterials 3-1</p> <p>3.1. Introduction: From atomic groupings to bulk materials 3-2</p> <p>3.2. Crystallinity and linear defects 3-2</p> <p>3.3. Crystallinity and planar defects 3-8</p> <p>3.4. Crystallinity and volume defects 3-12</p> <p>3.5. Crystallinity and polymeric materials 3-13</p> <p>3.6. Thermal transitions of crystalline and non-crystalline materials 3-18</p> <p>3.7. Techniques: Introduction to Thermal Analysis 3-26</p> <p>3.8. Summary 3-30</p> <p>3.9. Problems 3-32</p> <p>3.10. Tables 3-35</p> <p>3.11. Figures 3-38</p> <p>3.12. References 3-63</p> <p>3.13. Additional reading 3-64</p> <p>Chapter 4: Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials 4-1</p> <p>4.1. Introduction: Modes of mechanical testing 4-3</p> <p>4.2. Mechanical testing methods, results and calculations 4-3</p> <p>4.3. Fracture and failure 4-40</p> <p>4.4. Fatigue and fatigue testing 4-43</p> <p>4.5. Methods to improve mechanical properties 4-46</p> <p>4.6. Techniques: Introduction to Mechanical Analysis 4-49</p> <p>4.7. Summary 4-51</p> <p>4.8. Problems 4-54</p> <p>4.9. Figures 4-58</p> <p>4.10. References 4-101</p> <p>4.11. Additional reading 4-101</p> <p>Chapter 5: Biomaterial Degradation 5-1</p> <p>5.1. Introduction: Degradation in the biological environment 5-2</p> <p>5.2. Corrosion/degradation of metals and ceramics 5-3</p> <p>5.3. Degradation of polymers 5-18</p> <p>5.4. Biodegradable materials 5-22</p> <p>5.5. Techniques: Assays for extent of degradation 5-29</p> <p>5.6. Summary 5-30</p> <p>5.7. Problems 5-32</p> <p>5.8. Tables 5-37</p> <p>5.9. Figures 5-40</p> <p>5.10. References 5-54</p> <p>5.11. Additional reading 5-55</p> <p>Chapter 6: Biomaterial Processing 6-1</p> <p>6.1. Introduction: Importance of biomaterials processing 6-2</p> <p>6.2. Processing to improve bulk properties 6-2</p> <p>6.3. Processing to form desired shapes 6-12</p> <p>6.4. Processing to improve biocompatibility 6-26</p> <p>6.5. Summary 6-30</p> <p>6.6. Problems 6-32</p> <p>6.7. Tables 6-34</p> <p>6.8. Figures 6-35</p> <p>6.9. References 6-54</p> <p>6.10. Additional reading 6-55</p> <p>Chapter 7: Surface Properties of Biomaterials 7-1</p> <p>7.1. Introduction: Concepts in surface chemistry and biology 7-2</p> <p>7.2. Physicochemical surface modification techniques 7-6</p> <p>7.3. Biological surface modification techniques 7-20</p> <p>7.4. Surface properties and degradation 7-25</p> <p>7.5. Patterning techniques for surfaces 7-25</p> <p>7.6. Techniques: Introduction to surface characterization 7-27</p> <p>7.7. Summary 7-46</p> <p>7.8. Problems 7-48</p> <p>7.9. Tables 7-53</p> <p>7.10. Figures 7-58</p> <p>7.11. References 7-107</p> <p>7.12. Additional reading 7-109</p> <p>Chapter 8: Protein Interactions with Biomaterials 8-1</p> <p>8.1. Introduction: Thermodynamics of protein adsorption 8-2</p> <p>8.2. Protein structure 8-7</p> <p>8.3. Protein transport and adsorption kinetics 8-15</p> <p>8.4. Reversibility of protein adsorption 8-18</p> <p>8.5. Techniques: Assays for protein type and amount 8-22</p> <p>8.6. Summary 8-33</p> <p>8.7. Problems 8-35</p> <p>8.8. Tables 8-39</p> <p>8.9. Figures 8-42</p> <p>8.10. References 8-74</p> <p>8.11. Additional reading 8-75</p> <p>Chapter 9: Cell Interactions with Biomaterials 9-1</p> <p>9.1. Introduction: Cell-surface interactions and cellular functions 9-2</p> <p>9.2. Cellular structure 9-3</p> <p>9.3. Extracellular environment 9-14</p> <p>9.4. Cell-environment interactions affect cellular functions 9-23</p> <p>9.5. Models of adhesion, spreading and migration 9-34</p> <p>9.6. Techniques: Assays to determine effects of cell-material interactions 9-43</p> <p>9.7. Summary 9-53</p> <p>9.8. Problems 9-57</p> <p>9.9. Tables 9-61</p> <p>9.10. Figures 9-62</p> <p>9.11. References 9-113</p> <p>9.12. Additional reading 9-115</p> <p>Chapter 10: Biomaterial Implantation and Acute Inflammation 10-1</p> <p>10.1. Introduction: Overview of innate and acquired immunity 10-2</p> <p>10.2. Clinical signs of inflammation and their causes 10-5</p> <p>10.4. Role of other granulocytes 10-11</p> <p>10.5. Termination of acute inflammation 10-16</p> <p>10.6. Techniques: In vitro assays for inflammatory response 10-17</p> <p>10.7. Summary 10-20</p> <p>10.8. Problems 10-22</p> <p>10.9. Tables 10-24</p> <p>10.10. Figures 10-27</p> <p>10.11. References 10-34</p> <p>10.12. Additional reading 10-34</p> <p>Chapter 11: Wound Healing and the Presence of Biomaterials 11-1</p> <p>11.1. Introduction: Formation of granulation tissue 11-2</p> <p>11.2. Foreign body reaction 11-3</p> <p>11.3. Fibrous encapsulation 11-4</p> <p>11.4. Chronic inflammation 11-7</p> <p>11.5. Four types of resolution 11-8</p> <p>11.6. Repair vs. regeneration: wound healing in skin 11-9</p> <p>11.7. Techniques: In vivo assays for inflammatory response 11-12</p> <p>11.8. Summary 11-20</p> <p>11.9. Problems 11-22</p> <p>11.10. Tables 11-25</p> <p>11.11. Figures 11-28</p> <p>11.12. References 11-36</p> <p>11.13. Additional reading 11-37</p> <p>Chapter 12: Immune Response to Biomaterials 12-1</p> <p>12.1. Introduction: Overview of acquired immunity 12-2</p> <p>12.2. Antigen presentation and lymphocyte maturation 12-4</p> <p>12.3. B cells and antibodies 12-8</p> <p>12.4. T cells 12-12</p> <p>12.5. The complement system 12-14</p> <p>12.6. Undesired immune responses to biomaterials 12-19</p> <p>12.7. Techniques: Assays for immune response 12-25</p> <p>12.8. Summary 12-28</p> <p>12.9. Problems 12-32</p> <p>12.10. Tables 12-34</p> <p>12.11. Figures 12-35</p> <p>12.12. References 12-51</p> <p>12.13. Additional reading 12-51</p> <p>Chapter 13: Biomaterials and Thrombosis 13-1</p> <p>13.1. Introduction: Overview of hemostasis 13-2</p> <p>13.2. Role of platelets 13-2</p> <p>13.3. Coagulation cascade 13-5</p> <p>13.4. Means of limiting clot formation 13-9</p> <p>13.5. Role of endothelium 13-11</p> <p>13.6. Tests for hemocompatibility 13-13</p> <p>13.7. Summary 13-18</p> <p>13.8. Problems 13-20</p> <p>13.9. Tables 13-25</p> <p>13.10. Figures 13-27</p> <p>13.11. References 13-32</p> <p>13.12. Additional reading 13-33</p> <p>Chapter 14: Infection, Tumorigenesis and Calcification of Biomaterials 14-1</p> <p>14.1. Introduction: Overview of other potential problems with biomaterials implantation 14-2</p> <p>14.2. Infection 14-2</p> <p>14.3. Techniques for infection experiments 14-10</p> <p>14.4. Tumorigenesis 14-16</p> <p>14.5. Techniques for tumorigenesis experiments 14-21</p> <p>14.6. Pathologic calcification 14-23</p> <p>14.7. Techniques for pathologic calcification experiments 14-26</p> <p>14.8. Summary 14-30</p> <p>14.9. Problems 14-33</p> <p>14.10. Figures 14-36</p> <p>14.11. References 14-45</p> <p>14.12. Additional reading 14-46</p> <p>List of Abbreviations Appendix I-1</p> <p>List of Symbols Appendix I-6</p> <p>Index Index</p>