Patent Foramen Ovale Closure for Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, Peripheral Embolism, Migraine, and Hypoxemia

<p>I. INTRODUCTION<br>1. Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology: Anatomical Variations, Lipomatous Hypertrophy, Atrial Septal Aneurysm, Eustachian Valve, Chiari Network, Combination With Other Atrial Septal Defects</p> <p>II. DIAGNOSIS AND IMAGING ASSESSMENT OF PFO<br>2. Echocardiography, Transcranial Doppler, and Oximetry for Imaging and Quantification of PFO-Mediated Shunts<br>3. Angiography, Transthoracic, Transesophageal, and Intracardiac Echocardiography: Periprocedural Assessment and Guidance During PFO Closure</p> <p>III. STROKE AND PFO<br>4. Definition of Cryptogenic Stroke, the Risk of Paradoxical Embolism RoPE Score, and Assessment of Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source<br>5. Observational Studies of PFO Closure for Stroke<br>6. Early Randomized Trials of PFO Closure for Stroke (CLOSURE I, PC, RESPECT)<br>7. Newer Randomized Trials on PFO Closure for Stroke (CLOSE, REDUCE, and DEFENSE-PFO)</p> <p>IV. NON-CEREBRAL PARADOXICAL EMBOLISM AND PFO<br>8. Myocardial Infarction and PFO<br>9. Peripheral Embolism and PFO</p> <p>V. MIGRAINE AND PFO<br>10. Migraine Headache: Clinical Association With PFO and Observational Studies<br>11. Randomized Clinical Trials of PFO Closure for Migraine Headache (MIST, PRIMA, PREMIUM)</p> <p>VI. OTHER CONDITIONS AND PFO<br>12. Hypoxemia and PFO<br>13. Less Recognized Conditions Associated with PFO: Decompression Illness, Carcinoid Heart Disease, Coronary Spasm</p> <p>VII. SAFETY, TECHNICAL ASPECTS TO PFO CLOSURE, AND FUTURE OUTLOOK<br>14. Percutaneous PFO Closure: History, Devices, Techniques, Safety, and Informed Consent<br>15. How I Do It: ICE-guided Technique for Percutaneous PFO Closure<br>16. How I Do It: Fluoroscopy-guided Technique for Percutaneous PFO Closure<br>17. PFO Closure: History, Final thoughts and Future outlook<br>18. The Full Spectrum of PFO: Are We Seeing Just the Tip of the Iceberg?<br>19. Frequent Questions: PFO Closure With the Amplatzer or Gore Cardioform Devices</p>