Blood Substitutes

<p>Section 1: Background</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Chapter 1: Historical Background</p> <p>Chapter 2: Transfusion Medicine</p> <p>Chapter 3: Regulatory Perspectives on Clinical Trials for Oxygen Therapeutics in Trauma and Transfusion Practice</p> <p>Section 2: Physiological Basis</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Chapter 4: Clinical Physiology: Oxygen Transport and the Transfusion Trigger</p> <p>Chapter 5: The Role of Oxygen and Hemoglobin Diffusion in Oxygen Transport by Cell-free Hemoglobins</p> <p>Chapter 6: Oxygen Transport Properties of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers: Studies using Artificial Capillaries and Mathematical Simulation</p> <p>Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Oxygen Transport in the Microcirculation: Effects of Cell-Free Oxygen Carriers</p> <p>Chapter 8: Shear Stress Mechanotransduction and the Flow Properties of Blood</p> <p>Chapter 9: Local Regulation of Blood Flow</p> <p>Section 3: Clinical Applications</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Chapter 10: Clinical Indications for Blood Substitutes and Optimal Properties</p> <p>Chapter 11: Crystalloid Solutions</p> <p>Chapter 12: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Resuscitative Solutions for Trauma and Combat Casualty Care</p> <p>Chapter 13: Surgical Hemorrhage</p> <p>Chapter 14: Clinical Trials in Cardiac Surgery</p> <p>Chapter 15: Hemodilution</p> <p>Chapter 16: Clinical Hemodilution</p> <p>Chapter 17: Potential for Blood Substitutes in Tissue Ischemia</p> <p>Section 4: Toxicity and Side Effects</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Chapter 18: Redox and Radical Reactions of Hemoglobin Solutions: Toxicities and Protective Strategies</p> <p>Chapter 19: Pro-Oxidant Activity of Hemoglobin and Endothelial Cytotoxicity</p> <p>Chapter 20: Renal Toxicity</p> <p>Chapter 21: Hemoglobin and Neurotoxicity</p> <p>Chapter 22: The Role of Inflammation in the Toxicity of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers</p> <p>Chapter 23: Hemoglobin-Induced Myocardial Lesions</p> <p>Section 5: Perfluorocarbon-Based Oxygen Carriers</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Chapter 24: Fluorocarbon Emulsions as in vivo Oxygen Delivery Systems: Background and Chemistry</p> <p>Chapter 25: Fluosol®: The First Commercial Injectable Perfluorocarbon Oxygen Carrier</p> <p>Chapter 26: Perftoran®</p> <p>Chapter 27: Rational Development of Oxyfluor™</p> <p>Chapter 28: Oxygent™, a Perfluorochemical-Based Oxygen Therapeutic for Surgical Patients</p> <p>Section 6: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Chapter 29: The Structural and Functional Properties of Hemoglobin and their Relevance for a Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitute</p> <p>Chapter 30: Hemoglobin Modification</p> <p>Chapter 31: Designing Recombinant Hemoglobin for Use as a Blood Substitute</p> <p>Chapter 32: Design, Conformational, Functional and Physiological Characterization of Recombinant Polymeric Heme-Proteins</p> <p>Chapter 33: αα-Crosslinked Hemoglobin</p> <p>Chapter 34: DCLHb and rHb1.1</p> <p>Chapter 35: Clinical Studies with DCLHb</p> <p>Chapter 36: Hemopure® (HBOC-201, Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (Bovine)): Preclinical Studies</p> <p>Chapter 37: HBOC-201 (Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (Bovine), Hemopure®): Clinical Studies</p> <p>Chapter 38: Polyhemoglobin–Enzymes as New-Generation Blood Substitutes and Oxygen Therapeutics</p> <p>Chapter 39: Surface Decoration of Hemoglobin with Polyethylene Glycol</p> <p>Chapter 40: Hemospan® (MP4), A Human Hemoglobin Modified with Maleimide-Polyethylene Glycol</p> <p>Chapter 41: Dextran–Hemoglobin</p> <p>Chapter 42: Development of Non-Extravasating Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers</p> <p>Section 7: Liposomes and Related Products</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Chapter 43: Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin: History, Preparation and Evaluation</p> <p>Chapter 44: Hemoglobin Vesicles as a Molecular Assembly: Characteristics of Preparation Process and Performances as Artificial Oxygen Carriers</p> <p>Chapter 45: Nanodimension Biodegradable Polymeric Membrane Artificial Red Blood Cells</p> <p>Chapter 46: Albumin-Heme: A Synthetic Heme-Based Oxygen Carrier</p>