Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases

Cerebral Blood Flow, Don Reis.<br>L. Sokoloff, Anatomy: Arterial Innervation, Cerebral Veins, and Microcirculation.<br>G.J. del Zoppo, Embryogenesis and Angiogenesis.<br>G. Feurerstein and A. Miller, Vasoactive Mediators of Cerebral Vessels.<br>F.M. Faraci and D. Heistad, Biology of Cerebral Vascular Muscle.<br>P.A. Stewart, Glial-Vascular Relations.<br>W. Pardridge, Transport Mechanism.<br>S.I. Rapoport, Brain Edema and the Blood-Brain Barrier.<br>G.A. Rosenberg, CSF: Formation, Absorption, Markers and Relationship to Blood-Brain Barrier.<br>C. Iadecola, Principles and Methods for Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow.<br>J. Mazziotta, M. Cohen, and A. Toga, The Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Human Subjects.<br>P.D. Hurm and R. Traystman, Overview of Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics.<br>A.G. Hudetz, Cerebral Microcirculation.<br>J-M. Chillon and G. Baumbach, Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow.<br>D. Traystman, Regulation of CBF by Carbon Dioxide.<br>E. Golanov and D. Reis, Regulation of CBF by Hypoxia.<br>L. Edvinsson and P.J. Goadsby, Extrinsic Innervation: Transmitters, Receptors and Functions--The Sympathetic Nervous System.<br>P.J. Goadsby and L. Edvinsson, Extrinsic Innervation: Transmitters, Receptors and Functions--The Parasympathetic Nervous System.<br>P.J. Goadsby and L. Edvinsson, Extrinsic Innervation: Transmitters, Receptors and Functions--the Trigeminovascular System.<br>P. Magistretti, Coupling of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.<br>U. Dirnagl and J. Dreier, Regulation of CBF by Ions21.<br>H.R. Winn, Adenosine and Its Receptors: Influence on Cerebral Blood Flow.<br>G. Bonvento and E.T. MacKenzie, Serotonin and Its Receptors.<br>D.G. Linville and E. Hamel, Acetylcholine and Its Receptors.<br>P.M. Lacombe and E. MacKenzie, Catecholamines and Their Receptors.<br>J. McCulloch, Neuropeptide Transmitters and Their Receptors.<br>D.W. Busija, Eicosanoids and Cerebrovascular Control.<br>T. Dalkara and M.A. Moskowitz, The Role of Nitric Oxide in Cerebral Ischemia<br>Pathogenesis and Pathology, Bo Siesjo.<br>M. Leist and P. Nicotera, Cell Death: Apoptosis Versus Necrosis.<br>W. Pulsinelli, Selective Neuronal Vulnerability and Infarction in Cerebrovascular Disease.<br>J.H. Garcia, Evolution of Brain Lesion Induced by Experimental Focal Ischemia.<br>A. Tamura and H. Nakayama, Neuronal Damage in Remote Areas After Focal Cerebral Infarct.<br>C.D. Lacola and R.P. Kraig, Astrocyte Reaction to Global Ischemic Brain Injury.<br>D. Guilian, Microglia and Inflammatory Responses.<br>M.D. Ginsberg, Animal Models of Global and Focal Cerebral Ischemia.<br>P.H. Chan, Transgenic Mice.<br>C. Whalestedt, Gene Knock-Out Techniques.<br>U. Dimagl, Measurements of Microcirculatory Events in the Brain in Vivo.<br>R.A. Knight and M. Chopp, Imaging Techniques for Focal Ischemic Damage.<br>B.B. Johansson, Hypertension.<br>K. Rajamani and Mark Fisher, An Overview of Atherosclerosis.<br>H.-P. Haring and G.J. del Zoppo, Thrombosis.<br>A. Baethmann and F. Straub, Cellular Edema.<br>A.L. Betz, Vasogenic Brain Edema.<br>K.-I. Katsura., Acidosis as a Complicating Factor in Cerebral Ischemia.<br>W.D. Dietrich and R. Busto, Hyperthermia and Brain Ischemia.<br>R.A. Floyd, Production of Free Radicals.<br>K.A. Hossmann, Peri-Infarct Depolarization Waves.<br>B. Siesjo and Tibor Kirstian, Cell Calcium Homeostatis and Calcium-Related Ischemic Damage.<br>M. Erecinska and I.A. Silver, Loss of Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis in Ischemia.<br>N.R. Sims, Mitochondrial Function and Calcium Sequestration During Repurfusion.<br>D.W. Choi, The Excitotoxic Concept.<br>M. Tymianski and R.G. Sattler, Is Calcium Involved in Excitotoxic/Ischemic Neuronal Damage?<br>N. Bazan, Lipid Metabolities as Mediators of Cell Death.<br>N. Kawai and H. Tsubokawa, The Role of Inositol Phospholipid Metabolites.<br>V. Bruno, A. Copani, G. Battaglia, G. Casabona, and F. Nicoletti, Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as a Drug Target in Brain Ischemia.<br>E.D. Hall, Lipid Peroxidation.<br>P.S. Cole, M.E. Harris, J.M. Carney, N.C. Hall, and D.A. Butterfield, Methods of Evaluating Protein Oxidation Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.<br>T. Dallkara and M.A. Moskowitz, The Role of Nitric Oxide in Cerebral Ischemia.<br>J. Beckman, Nitric Oxide, Superoxide, and Peroxynitrate in CNS Injury.<br>S.A. Lipton, NO-Related Species: Neuroprotection Versus Neurodestruction.<br>W. Kuschinsky, Microvascular Patency in Ischemia and Reperfusion.<br>G.J. del Zoppo, Reperfusion Damage: The Role of PMN Leukocytes.<br>G. Feuerstein, Inflammatory Mediators in Brain Microvessels.<br>B.K. Siesjo and M-L. Smith, Mechanisms of Acidosis-Related Damage.<br>T.W. Wieloch, The Signal Transduction Pathway: An Integrated View.<br>P. Gass, C. Sommer, and M. Kiessling, Immediate Early Gene Expression After Global Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemia Tolerance Induction.<br>T. Nowak, Jr., The Heat Shock/Stress Response After Ischemia.<br>Mark P. Mattson, Trophic Factors and Brain Cell Survival.<br>T. Kirnino, Ischemic Tolerance.<br>D.L. Small and A.M. Buchan, NMDA and AMPA Receptor Antagonists in Global and Focal Ischemia.<br>B. Meldrum, Sodium Channel Antagonists.<br>J.W. Phillis, Adenosine Agonists and Antagonists.<br>C.P. Taylor, Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin.<br>E.D. Hall, Antioxidant 21-aminosteroids.<br>J.W. Phillis, Free Radical Scavengers and Spin Traps.<br>Y. Yamasaki and Kyuya Kogure, Cytokines, Growth Factors and Adhesion Molecules in Inflammatory Reaction After Brain Damage.<br>J-M. Ren and S.P. Finklestein, Trophic Factor Treatment for Stroke.<br>M.D. Ginsberg, Hypothermic Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia<br>Medical and Surgical Aspects: Louis Caplan, Bryce Weir and Mike Welch.<br>S.F. Ameriso and S. Sahai, Mechanisms of Ischemia in Situ Vascular Occlusive Disease.<br>V Castillo and J. Bogousslavsky, Brain Embolism.<br>J.L. Bernat, Systemic Hypoperfusion Brain Injury.<br>M.S. Pessin, Anterior Circulation--Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism.<br>Robert Joseph Wityk, Posterior Circulation--Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism.<br>M. Hommel, Small Artery Occlusive Disease.<br>L. Caplan, Vascular Dementia.<br>L.R. Rogers, Stroke and Neoplasia.<br>B.T. Troost, Stroke and the Eye.<br>V.M. Rivera, Corticosteroids in Acute Stroke.<br>V.M. Rivera, Spinal Stroke.<br>Stephen J. Kittner and Trudy Bush, Pregnancy, Hormonal Contraception, and Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy.<br>M.I. Chimowitz, Ischemic Stroke in the Young.<br>J.P. Broderick, Stroke and Migraine.<br>P. Mitsias, Head Pain and Stroke.<br>A. Valadka and C.S. Robertson, Stroke Secondary to Trauma.<br>M.R. Mayberg, Radiation Arteriopathy.<br>P. Amerenco, Aortic Arch Artherosclerotic Disease.<br>M. O'Brien, Rare Stroke.<br>C.F. Bladin and J.W. Norris, Stroke and Seizures/Epilepsy.<br>G.E. Tietjen, Transient Focal Neurologic Events.<br>R. Atkinson, Pediatric Stroke.<br>J.S. Meyer, T. Shirai, and H. Akiyama, Vascular Dementia.<br>B. Johansson, Hypertensive Encephalotherapy.<br>G.A. Rosenberg, White Matter Disorders.<br>P. Moore, Immune Mediated Neurovascular Disease.<br>S.R. Levine, Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome.<br>M-G. Bousser, Cerebral Venous Thrombosis.<br>B. Mokri, Spontaneous Dissections of Cervicocephalic Arteries.<br>J.A. Hunchey and A.J. Furlan, The Heart in Stroke.<br>B.M. Couil, Primary Coagulopathies/DIC in Stroke Hematologic Coagulopathy in Stroke.<br>L.R. Anderson and W.M. Feinberg, Primary Platelet Disorders.<br>E.A. Sekul and R.J. Adams, Stroke and Sickle Cell Disease.<br>H. Chabriat, CADASIL.<br>M. Sloan, Toxicity/Substance Abuse.<br>A.A. Kurdi and B.A. Yaqub, Stroke and Infection: Tuberculosis, Brucellosis and Syphillis.<br>J.C.M. Brust, AIDS and Stroke.<br>M.R. Chicoine and R.G. Dacey, Clinical Aspects of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.<br>J.L. Voelker and H.H. Kaufman, Clinical Aspects of Intracerebral Hemorrhage.<br>J.M. Findlay and J.H. Wong, Clinical Aspects of Intraventricular Hemorrhage.<br>R. Kim and P.R. Cooper, Clinical Aspects of Subdural Hemorrhage (SDH).<br>R.H. Winn, Timing of Surgery and Features of Ruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysm.<br>J.M. Sheehan, G.A. Helm, J.P. Sheehan and N. Kassell, Surgical Management of Acutely Ruptured Posterior Circulation Aneurysm.<br>L. Dickinson and A.L. Day, Surgical Management of the Patient with Symptomatic Unruptured Aneurysm.<br>R.A. Solomon, Surgical Management of Patient with Incidental, Asymptomatic Aneurysm.<br>T. Kopitnik and D.S. Samson, Surgical Management of Patient with a Giant Aneurysm.<br>C.L. Schnee and E.S. Flamm, Surgical Management of Special Aneurysms.<br>R.L. Macdonald, Surgical Management of Aneurysms in the Pediatric Age Group.<br>R.L. Macdonald, Unique Features of Aneurysms by Location.<br>R.L. Macdonald, Cerebral Vasospasm.<br>G.W. Britz and M.R. Mayberg, Pathology of Cerebral Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.<br>C.M. Loftus, Management of Intracerebellar Hematomas and Infarcts.<br>E.R. Laws, Jr., Surgical Management of Pituitary Apoplexy.<br>M.T. Lawton and R.F. Spetler, Surgical Management of Acutely Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformations.<br>C. David and R.C. Heros, Surgical Management of Unruptured AVMs.<br>G.M. Malik, Special Considerations in Treating Arteriovenous Malformations.<br>S.A. Toms and D. Chyatte, Cerebral Venous Thrombosis.<br>N.A. Martin and R. Patwardhan, Venous Angiomas.<br>J. Kernan, G. Nesbit, and S. Barnwell, Vein of Galen Abnormalities.<br>D.A. Wecht and I.A. Awad, Carotid Cavernous and Other Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas.<br>J.M. Tew and S. Sathi, Caverous Malformations.<br>D.L. Barrow, Spinal Vascular Malformations.<br>M.R. Hahn, R.C. Mendel and L.P. Carter, Extracranial Arterial Injury.<br>F.G. Diaz, Surgical Aspects of Vertebral Basilar Atherosclerosis.<br>F.B. Meyer and N.C. Fode, Middle Cerebral Artery Embolectomy.<br>B. Weir, Extracranial and Intracranial Bypass Procedures.<br>H. Yonas, Surgery for Ischemic Infarcts.<br>J.T. Robertson, Carotid Endarterectomy.<br>T. Fukushima, Surgical Aspects of Moyamoya Disease<br>Investigation and Management, Mike Welch.<br>L. Caplan, Clinical Diagnosis and General Laboratory Evaluation.<br>J.R. Carhuapoma and K.M.A. Welch, Cerebral Spinal Fluid in Stroke.<br>N.J. Beauchamp and R.N. Bryan, Neuroimaging of Stroke.<br>B. Mehta, Cerebral Arteriography.<br>A.V. Alexandrov and J.W. Norris, Cervical Ultrasound.<br>R.M. Dafer and N.M. Ramadan, Transcrania Doppler Sonography and Stroke.<br>J.J. Halperin, Cardiac Ultrasound in Stroke Investigation.<br>M.R. DiTullio, R. Sacco, and S. Homma, Ultrasound Examination of the Aortic Arch in Stroke.<br>T-S. Olsen, SPECT in Stroke Investigation.<br>R. Frackowiak, PET CBF Investigation of Stroke.<br>Y. Cao, Functional Magnetics Resonance Imaging in Stroke.<br>C.P. Derdeyn and W.J. Powers, Metabolic Studies Using PET in Stroke Investigation.<br>P.B. Barker, Metabolism: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging.<br>C. Webb, Cardiac Electrophysiology in Stroke Investigation.<br>G.G. Brown and S.S. Kinderman, Neuropsychological Aspects of Stroke.<br>M. De Marinis, Investigation of Autonomic Dysfunction in Acute Stroke.<br>T. Kwiatkowski and R.B. Libman, Emergency Strategies.<br>J.B. Terry and D.F. Hanley, General Treatment in Intensive Care Setting Stroke.<br>J.B. Terry and D.F. Hanley, Physiologic Monitoring of Stroke in Intensive Care Setting.<br>J.B. Terry and D.F. Hanley, Evaluation of Stroke Patients in Intensive Care Setting.<br>S.C. Fagan, Management of Hypertension in Stroke.<br>F.W. Whitehouse, Management of Diabetes in Stroke.<br>S.M. Oppenheimer, Management of Cardiac/ECG Complications of Stroke.<br>M. De Marinis, Management of Dysautonomia/Hypotension.<br>R.J. Gerwitz and G.K. Steinberg, Management of Cerebreal Edema/ICP in Stroke.<br>R.G. Robinson and S. Paradiso, Depression, Psychosis, Agitation in Stroke.<br>B. Smith, Management of Seizures in Acute Stroke.<br>J.A. Sandin III, M.K. Baskaya, and R.J. Dempsey, Management of Lipid Metabolism.<br>C.M. Helgason, Mechanisms of Antiplatelet Agents and Their Prevention of Stroke.<br>D.G. Sherman and D. Lalonde, Anticoagulants in Stroke.<br>T.G. Brott, J.P. Broderick, and R. Kothari, Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke.<br>D. Chiu and J.C. Grotta, Current Clinical Status of Cytoprotection.<br>T. Shirai, J.S. Meyer, and H. Akiyama, Management of Acute Stroke with Hyperosmolar Agents.<br>F. McDowell, Rehabilitation for Victims of Stroke.<br>J.L. Poole, Rehabilitation: Occupational Therapy for Stroke.<br>S.J. Olney and C.S. Martin, Diseases: Physical Therapy.<br>P.A. Wolf, Epidemiology and Risk Factor Management.<br>H.J.M. Barnett and H.E. Meldrum, The Prevention of Ischemic Stroke.<br>K. Murros and J.F. Toole, Management of Asymptomatic Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease.<br>J.K. Roberts and J.P. Mohr, Stroke in Evolution.<br>R.T.F. Cheung and V. Hachinski, Management of Vascular Dementia.<br>D.J. Thomas, Basilar Thrombosis.<br>H. Mansbach, Stroke Units.<br>R.G. Hart, Management of Atrial Fibrillation.<br>D. Barbut and L.R. Caplan, Cerebrovascular Complications of Cardiac Surgery.<br>R.G. Hart, Management of Atrial Fibrillation.<br>J.A. Zivin, Emerging Treatments for Stroke.<br>L.N. Hopkins, L.R. Guterman, and K.J.Gibbons, Endovascular Therapy for the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease.